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Furthermore, it is unclear whether substance co-use and delay discounting are independently associated with AUD severity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis co-use impacts delay discounting rates. We also sought to determine whether substance co-use and delay discounting were associated with AUD symptom counts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study sample was culled from several human laboratory studies and consisted of 483 heavy drinking individuals who completed a baseline visit (prior to experimental procedures). Participants were divided into groups based on self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during the past 30\u00a0days: alcohol only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009184), alcohol\u2009+\u2009cigarettes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200989), alcohol\u2009+\u2009cannabis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200982), and tri-use (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009128). We examined discounting rates across the 4 groups and used multiple linear regression to test whether co-use and delay discounting were associated with AUD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>After adjusting for covariates, individuals in the alcohol\u2009+\u2009cannabis group and the tri-use group had steeper discounting rates relative to the alcohol-only group. In addition, tri-use and delay discounting rates were independently correlated with a greater number of AUD symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Delay discounting rates were significantly greater among subgroups reporting cannabis use providing partial support for an additive effect, while also highlighting the importance of co-use substance type. Both tri-use and delay discounting were associated with greater AUD severity, which may provide relevant intervention targets.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05993-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T07:28:18Z","timestamp":1634282898000},"page":"1387-1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Additive roles of tobacco and cannabis co-use in relation to delay discounting in a sample of heavy drinkers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Nieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Venegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Burnette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"MacKillop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara A.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"5993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523031000154454","volume":"22","author":"SJ Adamson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adamson SJ, Sellman JD (2003) A prototype screening instrument for cannabis use disorder: the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) in an alcohol-dependent clinical sample. 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