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Given the need for pharmacological alternatives with a preferable side-effect profile and to better represent clinical conditions, research should cover also other anxiolytics and longer application times.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study compared the acute and short-term effects of the translocator protein 18\u00a0kDa (TSPO) ligand etifoxine and the benzodiazepine alprazolam on P-threat and U-threat while controlling for sedation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sixty healthy male volunteers, aged between 18 and 55\u00a0years, were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of either 150\u00a0mg etifoxine, 1.5\u00a0mg alprazolam, or placebo for 5\u00a0days. On days 1 and 5 of intake, they performed a NPU-threat task including neutral (N), predictable (P), and unpredictable (U) conditions, while startle responsivity and self-reports were studied. Sedative effects were assessed using a continuous performance test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Neither alprazolam nor etifoxine affected startle responsivity to U-threat on any of the testing days. While etifoxine reduced the startle response to P-threat on day 1 of treatment for transformed data, a contrary effect of alprazolam was found for raw values. No effects on self-reports and no evidence of sedation could be observed for either drug.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>None of the anxiolytic substances had an impact on startle potentiation to U-threat even after several days of intake. The effects of the anxiolytics on startle responsivity to P-threat as well as implications for future studies are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06111-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T11:02:40Z","timestamp":1647082960000},"page":"2233-2244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential effects of the translocator protein 18\u00a0kDa (TSPO) ligand etifoxine and the benzodiazepine alprazolam on startle response to predictable threat in a NPU-threat task after acute and short-term treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7555-1443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa-Marie","family":"Brunner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Weigl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir M.","family":"Milenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Nothdurfter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00fchlberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000315440","volume":"62","author":"M Abelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abelli M, Chelli B, Costa B, Lari L, Cardini A, Gesi C, Muti M, Lucacchini A, Martini C, Cassano GB, Pini S (2010) Reductions in platelet 18-kDa translocator protein density are associated with adult separation anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder. 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