{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:13:19Z","timestamp":1793221999092,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015904","name":"Alexander Mosley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title><jats:p>A general feeling of disconnection has been associated with mental and emotional suffering. Improvements to a sense of connectedness to self, others and the wider world have been reported by participants in clinical trials of psychedelic therapy. Such accounts have led us to a definition of the psychological construct of \u2018connectedness\u2019 as \u2018a state of feeling connected to self, others and the wider world\u2019. Existing tools for measuring connectedness have focused on particular aspects of connectedness, such as \u2018social connectedness\u2019 or \u2018nature connectedness\u2019, which we hypothesise to be different expressions of a common factor of connectedness. Here, we sought to develop a new scale to measure connectedness as a construct with these multiple domains. We hypothesised that (1) our scale would measure three separable subscale factors pertaining to a felt connection to \u2018self\u2019, \u2018others\u2019 and \u2018world\u2019 and (2) improvements in total and subscale WCS scores would correlate with improved mental health outcomes post psychedelic use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate and test the \u2018Watts Connectedness Scale\u2019 (WCS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychometric validation of the WCS was carried out using data from three independent studies. Firstly, we pooled data from two prospective observational online survey studies. The WCS was completed before and after a planned psychedelic experience. The total sample of completers from the online surveys was<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091226. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed, and construct and criterion validity were tested. A third dataset was derived from a double-blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing psilocybin-assisted therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200927) with 6\u00a0weeks of daily escitalopram (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200925) for major depressive disorder (MDD), where the WCS was completed at baseline and at a 6-week primary endpoint.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>As hypothesised, factor analysis of all WCS items revealed three main factors with good internal consistency. WCS showed good construct validity. Significant post-psychedelic increases were observed for total connectedness scores (\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.339,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), as well as on each of its subscales (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Acute measures of \u2018mystical experience\u2019, \u2018emotional breakthrough\u2019, and \u2018communitas\u2019 correlated positively with post-psychedelic changes in connectedness (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.42,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.38,<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.42, respectively,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). In the RCT, psilocybin therapy was associated with greater increases in WCS scores compared with the escitalopram arm (<jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.133, p\u2009=\u20090.009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The WCS is a new 3-dimensional index of felt connectedness that may sensitively measure therapeutically relevant psychological changes post-psychedelic use. We believe that the operational definition of connectedness captured by the WCS may have broad relevance in mental health research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T09:03:18Z","timestamp":1659949398000},"page":"3461-3483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Watts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Kettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Geerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Gandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Kartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew M.","family":"Nour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mendel","family":"Kaelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Carhart-Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-6029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leor","family":"Roseman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"6187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-1-6","volume":"18","author":"J Abel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abel J (2018) Compassionate communities and end-of-life care. Clin Med 18:6","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"6187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agin-Liebes G, Ekman E, Anderson B, Malloy M, Haas A, Woolley J (2021) Participant reports of mindfulness, posttraumatic growth, and social connectedness in psilocybin-assisted group therapy: an interpretive phenomenological analysis. J Human Psychol: 1-28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221678211022949","DOI":"10.1177\/00221678211022949"},{"key":"6187_CR3","volume-title":"The globalisation of addiction: a study in poverty of the spirit","author":"BK Alexander","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alexander BK (2008) The globalisation of addiction: a study in poverty of the spirit. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"6187_CR4","volume-title":"Ayahuasca as relational medicine: intimate encounters at the Frontiers World Ayahuasca Conference","author":"A Andros Aronovich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andros Aronovich A (2019) Ayahuasca as relational medicine: intimate encounters at the Frontiers World Ayahuasca Conference. Girona, Spain"},{"key":"6187_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arce JMR, Winkelman MJ (2021) Psychedelics, sociality, and human evolution. Front Psychol 12:729425","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.729425"},{"key":"6187_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12985","volume":"38","author":"E Argento","year":"2019","unstructured":"Argento E, Capler R, Thomas G, Lucas P, Tupper KW (2019) Exploring ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: a qualitative analysis of preliminary findings among an Indigenous community in Canada. Drug Alcohol Rev 38:781\u2013789","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"6187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596","volume":"63","author":"A Aron","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aron A, Aron EN, Smollan D (1992) Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. J Pers Soc Psychol 63:596","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294116685867","volume":"120","author":"DJ Aspy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aspy DJ, Proeve M (2017) Mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation: effects on connectedness to humanity and to the natural world. Psychol Rep 120:102\u2013117","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"6187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.461","volume":"112","author":"MW Baldwin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baldwin MW (1992) Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychol Bull 112:461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.3.461","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"6187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-4.1.18","volume":"4","author":"R Bellingham","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bellingham R, Cohen B, Jones T, Spaniol L (1989) Connectedness: some skills for spiritual health. Am J Health Promot 4:18\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4278\/0890-1171-4.1.18","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"6187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167817706884","volume":"57","author":"AB Belser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Belser AB, Agin-Liebes G, Swift TC, Terrana S, Devenot N, Friedman HL, Guss J, Bossis A, Ross S (2017) Patient experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. J Humanist Psychol 57:354\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167817706884","journal-title":"J Humanist Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.26077\/sryb-7h95","volume":"3","author":"AW Blume","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blume AW (2014) Sharing the light of the sacred fire: a proposal for a paradigm shift in psychology. J Indig Res 3:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26077\/sryb-7h95","journal-title":"J Indig Res"},{"key":"6187_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budaev SV (2010) Using principal components and factor analysis in animal behaviour research: caveats and guidelines. Ethology 116(5):472\u2013480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2010.01758.x"},{"key":"6187_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30142-9","volume":"391","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S (2018) The growing problem of loneliness. The Lancet 391:426","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"6187_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Capaldi CA, Passmore H-A, Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM, Dopko RL (2015) Flourishing in nature: a review of the benefits of connecting with nature and its application as a wellbeing intervention. Int J Wellbeing 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5502\/ijw.v5i4.449","DOI":"10.5502\/ijw.v5i4.449"},{"key":"6187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4701-y","volume":"235","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Erritzoe D, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Watts R (2018) Psychedelics and connectedness. Psychopharmacol 235:547\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-017-4701-y","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","volume":"384","author":"R Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, Baker-Jones M, Murphy-Beiner A, Murphy R, Martell J, Blemings A, Erritzoe D, Nutt DJ (2021) Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. N Engl J Med 384:1402\u20131411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris R, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, Day CM, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, Bloomfield M, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A (2016) Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 3(7):619\u2013627","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30065-7"},{"key":"6187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris R, Bolstridge M, Day C, Rucker J, Watts R, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, Giribaldi B, Bloomfield M, Pilling S (2017) Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up. Psychopharmacol: 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-017-4771-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4771-x"},{"key":"6187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105311416873","volume":"17","author":"R Cervinka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cervinka R, R\u00f6derer K, Hefler E (2012) Are nature lovers happy? On various indicators of well-being and connectedness with nature. J Health Psychol 17:379\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105311416873","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/03610911003650383","volume":"39","author":"H Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen H, Cohen P, Chen S (2010) How big is a big odds ratio? Interpreting the magnitudes of odds ratios in epidemiological studies. Commun Stat\u2014Simul Comput\u00ae 39:860\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03610911003650383","journal-title":"Commun Stat\u2014Simul Comput\u00ae"},{"key":"6187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19111158","volume":"177","author":"KW Choi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi KW, Stein MB, Nishimi KM, Ge T, Coleman JR, Chen C-Y, Ratanatharathorn A, Zheutlin AB, Dunn EC, Team aR (2020) An exposure-wide and Mendelian randomization approach to identifying modifiable factors for the prevention of depression. Am J Psychiatr 177:944\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.19111158","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.619","volume":"21","author":"AN Christakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Christakis AN, Harris L (2004) Designing a transnational indigenous leaders interaction in the context of globalization: a Wisdom of the People Forum. Syst Res Behav Sci 21(3):251\u2013259","journal-title":"Syst Res Behav Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2020.01.005","volume":"16","author":"JB Close","year":"2020","unstructured":"Close JB, Hajien EC, Watts R, Roseman L, Carhart-Harris RL (2020) Psychedelics and psychological flexibility\u2013results of a prospective web-survey using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II. J Contextual Behav Sci 16:37\u201344","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR25","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge, Milton Park"},{"key":"6187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004601","volume":"10","author":"SW Cole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cole SW (2014) Human social genomics. PLoS Genet 10:e1004601","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"6187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crockett MJ (2009) The neurochemistry of fairness: clarifying the link between serotonin and prosocial behavior.\u00a0Ann N Y Acad Sci 1167(1):76\u201386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04506.x"},{"key":"6187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","volume":"16","author":"LJ Cronbach","year":"1951","unstructured":"Cronbach LJ (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika 16:297\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02310555","journal-title":"psychometrika"},{"key":"6187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.11.004","volume":"15","author":"AK Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis AK, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR (2020) Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between acute psychedelic effects and subjective decreases in depression and anxiety. J Contextual Behav Sci 15:39\u201345","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120916143","volume":"34","author":"AK Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis AK, Clifton JM, Weaver EG, Hurwitz ES, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2020) Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N, N-dimethyltryptamine: phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects. J Psychopharmacol 34:1008\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881120916143","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR31","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN (2009) State of the World\u2019s Indigenous Peoples. United Nations, New York.\u00a0https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/unpfii\/documents\/SOWIP\/en\/SOWIP_web.pdf"},{"key":"6187_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9493-y","volume":"97","author":"E Diener","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diener E, Wirtz D, Tov W, Kim-Prieto C, Choi D-w, Oishi S, Biswas-Diener R (2010) New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Soc Indic Res 97:143\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11205-009-9493-y","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"6187_CR33","volume-title":"Hallucinogens, cross-cultural perspectives","author":"M Dobkin de Rios","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dobkin de Rios M (1984) Hallucinogens, cross-cultural perspectives. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque"},{"key":"6187_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.5.535","volume":"137","author":"G Engel","year":"1980","unstructured":"Engel G (1980) The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am J Psychiatry 137:535\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.137.5.535","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6187_CR35","unstructured":"Field A (2013) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. SAGE Publishing, New York"},{"key":"6187_CR36","volume-title":"Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell C, Larcker DF (1981) Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: algebra and statistics. Sage Publications Sage CA, Los Angeles, CA"},{"key":"6187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117714049","volume":"31","author":"M Forstmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forstmann M, Sagioglou C (2017) Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness. J Psychopharmacol 31:975\u2013988","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1918477117","volume":"117","author":"M Forstmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forstmann M, Yudkin DA, Prosser AM, Heller SM, Crockett MJ (2020) Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117:2338\u20132346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1918477117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-3537.2012.01054.x","volume":"23","author":"E Fotiou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fotiou E (2012) Working with \u201cla medicina\u201d: elements of healing in contemporary ayahuasca rituals. Anthropol Conscious 23:6\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-3537.2012.01054.x","journal-title":"Anthropol Conscious"},{"key":"6187_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034473","volume":"26","author":"W G\u00e1mez","year":"2014","unstructured":"G\u00e1mez W, Chmielewski M, Kotov R, Ruggero C, Suzuki N, Watson D (2014) The brief experiential avoidance questionnaire: development and initial validation. Psychol Assess 26:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0034473","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"6187_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009","volume":"13","author":"DJ Gaskin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gaskin DJ, Richard P (2012) The economic costs of pain in the United States. J Pain 13:715\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"6187_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gearin A (2016) Dividual Vision of the Individual: ayahuasca Neo-shamanism in Australia and the New Age Individualism Orthodoxy. Int J Study of New Relig 7.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1558\/ijsnr.v7i2.31955","DOI":"10.1558\/ijsnr.v7i2.31955"},{"key":"6187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gearin AK (2022) Primitivist medicine and capitalist anxieties in ayahuasca tourism Peru. J R Anthropol Inst 28(2):496\u2013515","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9655.13705"},{"key":"6187_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2019.015","volume":"4","author":"JR George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George JR, Michaels TI, Sevelius J, Williams MT (2020) The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: a call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion. J Psychedelic Stud 4:4\u201315","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"},{"key":"6187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","volume":"30","author":"RR Griffiths","year":"2016","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA (2016) Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol 30:1181\u20131197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116675513","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1993.tb00262.x","volume":"25","author":"BM Hagerty","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hagerty BM, Lynch-Sauer J, Patusky KL, Bouwsema M (1993) An emerging theory of human relatedness. Image: J Nurs Sch 25:291\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1993.tb00262.x","journal-title":"Image: J Nurs Sch"},{"key":"6187_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00897","volume":"9","author":"ECHM Haijen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haijen ECHM, Kaelen M, Roseman L, Timmermann C, Russ S, Nutt D, Daws RE, Hampshire ADG, Lorenz R, Carhart-Harris RL (2018) Predicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study. Front Pharmacol 9:897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.00897","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-10-2013-0128","author":"JF Hair Jr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hair JF Jr, Sarstedt M, Hopkins L, Kuppelwieser VG (2014) Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): an emerging tool in business research. Eur Bus Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EBR-10-2013-0128","journal-title":"Eur Bus Rev"},{"key":"6187_CR49","volume-title":"Lost connections: uncovering the real causes of depression-and the unexpected solutions","author":"J Hari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hari J (2019) Lost connections: uncovering the real causes of depression-and the unexpected solutions. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, London"},{"key":"6187_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11888.001.0001","volume-title":"American trip: set, setting, and the psychedelic experience in the twentieth century","author":"I Hartogsohn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hartogsohn I (2020) American trip: set, setting, and the psychedelic experience in the twentieth century. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA"},{"key":"6187_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01617.x","volume":"16","author":"LC Hawkley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hawkley LC, Browne MW, Cacioppo JT (2005) How can I connect with thee? Let me count the ways. Psychol Sci 16:798\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01617.x","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR52","unstructured":"Hayes SC, Strosahl KD, Wilson KG (2011) Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press, New York"},{"key":"6187_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13095","volume":"23","author":"HM Hendin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hendin HM, Penn AD (2021) An episode of mania following self-reported ingestion of psilocybin mushrooms in a woman previously not diagnosed with bipolar disorder: a case report. Bipolar Disord 23:733\u2013735","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"6187_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","volume":"33","author":"J Henrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Sci 33:61\u201383","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000316","volume":"7","author":"J Holt-Lunstad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (2010) Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med 7:e1000316","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"6187_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000150","author":"J Huemer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huemer J, Haidvogl M, Mattejat F, Wagner G, Nobis G, Fernandez-Aranda F, Collier DA, Treasure JL, Karwautz AF (2011) Perception of autonomy and connectedness prior to the onset of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Kinder-Und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychotherapie. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000150","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Kinder-Und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"6187_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson D, Walter G, Daly J, Cleary M (2014) Multiple outputs from single studies: acceptable division of findings vs. \u2018salami\u2019 slicing. J Clin Nurs 23(1):1\u20132","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12439"},{"key":"6187_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000116","volume":"20","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kaiser HF (1960) The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ Psychol Measur 20:141\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001316446002000116","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Measur"},{"key":"6187_CR59","volume-title":"Speaking of sadness: Depression, disconnection, and the meanings of illness","author":"DA Karp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karp DA (2017) Speaking of sadness: Depression, disconnection, and the meanings of illness. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"6187_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.03.001","volume":"30","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kashdan TB, Rottenberg J (2010) Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clin Psychol Rev 30:865\u2013878","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"6187_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20853","volume":"68","author":"DJ Kearney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kearney DJ, McDermott K, Malte C, Martinez M, Simpson TL (2012) Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression and quality of life in a veteran sample. J Clin Psychol 68:101\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.20853","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.623985","volume":"12","author":"H Kettner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kettner H, Rosas F, Timmermann C, K\u00e4rtner L, Carhart-Harris R, Roseman L (2021) Psychedelic Communitas: Intersubjective experience during psychedelic group sessions predicts enduring changes in psychological wellbeing and social connectedness. Front Pharmacol 12:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.623985","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1017\/prp.2019.29","volume":"14","author":"K Klussman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klussman K, Curtin N, Langer J, Nichols AL (2020) Examining the effect of mindfulness on well-being: self-connection as a mediator. J Pac Rim Psychol 14:e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/prp.2019.29","journal-title":"J Pac Rim Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6187_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2812","volume":"52","author":"K Klussman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klussman K, Nichols AL, Curtin N et al (2021) Self-connection and well-being: Development and validation of a self-connection scale. Eur J Soc Psychol 52(1):18\u201345","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko\u010d\u00e1rov\u00e1 R, Hor\u00e1\u010dek J, Carhart-Harris R (2021) Does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential? Front Psychiatry 12:661233","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.661233"},{"key":"6187_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.10.4.302","volume":"10","author":"ME Koltko-Rivera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koltko-Rivera ME (2006) Rediscovering the later version of Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. Rev Gen Psychol 10:302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.10.4.302","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuc J, Kettner H, Rosas F, Erritzoe D, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL (2021) Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey. Psychopharmacol 239(5):1425\u20131440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05999-1"},{"key":"6187_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00430","volume":"10","author":"B Kverme","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kverme B, Natvik E, Veseth M, Moltu C (2019) Moving toward connectedness\u2013a qualitative study of recovery processes for people with borderline personality disorder. Front Psychol 10:430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00430","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR69","unstructured":"La Barre W (1938\/1975) The peyote cult. Shoestring Press, Brooklyn, NY"},{"key":"6187_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasch C (1979\/2018) The culture of narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing expectations. WW Norton & Company, New York, NY","DOI":"10.3817\/0679040187"},{"key":"6187_CR71","first-page":"78","volume":"10","author":"C Lasch","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lasch C (1987) Soul of a new age. Omni 10:78\u201385","journal-title":"Omni"},{"key":"6187_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.42.2.232","volume":"42","author":"RM Lee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lee RM, Robbins SB (1995) Measuring belongingness: the social connectedness and the social assurance scales. J Couns Psychol 42:232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.42.2.232","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.45.3.338","volume":"45","author":"RM Lee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lee RM, Robbins SB (1998) The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity [Editorial]. J Couns Psychol 45:338\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0167.45.3.338","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.05.017","volume":"45","author":"RM Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee RM, Dean BL, Jung K-R (2008) Social connectedness, extraversion, and subjective well-being: testing a mediation model. Personality Individ Differ 45:414\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2008.05.017","journal-title":"Personality Individ Differ"},{"key":"6187_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01003","volume":"6","author":"K Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee K, Ashton MC, Choi J, Zachariassen K (2015) Connectedness to nature and to humanity: their association and personality correlates. Front Psychol 6:1003","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2013.873157","volume":"46","author":"A Loizaga-Velder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loizaga-Velder A, Verres R (2014) Therapeutic effects of ritual ayahuasca use in the treatment of substance dependence\u2014qualitative results. J Psychoactive Drugs 46:63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2013.873157","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"6187_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881111420188","volume":"25","author":"KA MacLean","year":"2011","unstructured":"MacLean KA, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2011) Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. J Psychopharmacol 25:1453\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881111420188","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x","volume":"51","author":"KA MacLean","year":"2012","unstructured":"MacLean KA, Leoutsakos JMS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2012) Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: a study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin. J Sci Study Relig 51:721\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x","journal-title":"J Sci Study Relig"},{"key":"6187_CR79","first-page":"9930","volume":"49","author":"AA Maiyaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maiyaki AA (2012) Statistics for social science: structural equation modeling approach. Elixir Soc Sci 49:9930\u20139934","journal-title":"Elixir Soc Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x","volume":"31","author":"TM Marteau","year":"1992","unstructured":"Marteau TM, Bekker H (1992) The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State\u2014Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Br J Clin Psychol 31:301\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20146","volume":"35","author":"D Mashek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mashek D, Cannaday LW, Tangney JP (2007) Inclusion of community in self scale: a single-item pictorial measure of community connectedness. J Community Psychol 35:257\u2013275","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR82","first-page":"56","volume":"1","author":"AH Maslow","year":"1969","unstructured":"Maslow AH (1969) Various meanings of transcendence. J Transpers Psychol 1:56\u201366","journal-title":"J Transpers Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR83","volume-title":"Spiritual bypassing: When spirituality disconnects us from what really matters","author":"RA Masters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Masters RA (2010) Spiritual bypassing: When spirituality disconnects us from what really matters. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA"},{"key":"6187_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2004.10.001","volume":"24","author":"FS Mayer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mayer FS, Frantz CM (2004) The connectedness to nature scale: a measure of individuals\u2019 feeling in community with nature. J Environ Psychol 24:503\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvp.2004.10.001","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.1990.tb02521.x","volume":"68","author":"BT McWhirter","year":"1990","unstructured":"McWhirter BT (1990) Loneliness: a review of current literature, with implications for counseling and research. J Couns Dev 68:417\u2013422","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"key":"6187_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407590074005","volume":"7","author":"MD Newcomb","year":"1990","unstructured":"Newcomb MD (1990) Social support by many other names: towards a unified conceptualization. J Soc Pers Relat 7:479\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407590074005","journal-title":"J Soc Pers Relat"},{"key":"6187_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.97.1.64","volume":"97","author":"MD Newcomb","year":"1988","unstructured":"Newcomb MD, Bentler PM (1988) Impact of adolescent drug use and social support on problems of young adults: a longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol 97:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.97.1.64","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newson M, Khurana R, Cazorla F, van Mulukom V (2021) \u2018I get high with a little help from my friends\u2019-how raves can invoke identity fusion and lasting co-operation via transformative experiences. Front Psychol 12:719596","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.719596"},{"key":"6187_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00813","volume":"4","author":"EK Nisbet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM (2013) The NR-6: a new brief measure of nature relatedness. Front Psychol 4:813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00813","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916508318748","volume":"41","author":"EK Nisbet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nisbet EK, Zelenski JM, Murphy SA (2009) The nature relatedness scale: linking individuals\u2019 connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environ Behav 41:715\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916508318748","journal-title":"Environ Behav"},{"key":"6187_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118780612","volume":"32","author":"T Noorani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noorani T, Garcia-Romeu A, Swift TC, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW (2018) Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: qualitative analysis of participant accounts. J Psychopharmacol 32:756\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881118780612","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR92","volume-title":"Beyond the narrow life: a guide for psychedelic integration and existential exploration","author":"KM Ortigo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ortigo KM (2021) Beyond the narrow life: a guide for psychedelic integration and existential exploration. Synergetic Press, Santa Fe, NM"},{"key":"6187_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01532646","volume":"5","author":"WN Pahnke","year":"1966","unstructured":"Pahnke WN, Richards WA (1966) Implications of LSD and experimental mysticism. J Relig Health 5:175\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01532646","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"key":"6187_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170240060010","volume":"212","author":"WN Pahnke","year":"1970","unstructured":"Pahnke WN, Kurland AA, Unger S, Savage C, Grof S (1970) The experimental use of psychedelic (LSD) psychotherapy. JAMA 212:1856\u20131863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1970.03170240060010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6187_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2016.1221126","volume":"12","author":"H-A Passmore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Passmore H-A, Holder MD (2017) Noticing nature: individual and social benefits of a two-week intervention. J Posit Psychol 12:537\u2013546","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199729920.013.0007","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality","author":"RL Piedmont","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piedmont RL (2012) Overview and development of measure of numinous constructs: the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale. In: Miller L (ed) The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 104\u2013122"},{"key":"6187_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.051110","volume":"195","author":"J Price","year":"2009","unstructured":"Price J, Cole V, Goodwin GM (2009) Emotional side-effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry 195:211\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.051110","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6187_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000051","author":"G Ra\u00eeche","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ra\u00eeche G, Walls TA, Magis D, Riopel M, Blais J-G (2013) Non-graphical solutions for Cattell\u2019s scree test. Methodology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000051","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6187_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1463949118808099","volume":"19","author":"LA Rameka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rameka LA (2018) M\u0101ori perspective of being and belonging. Contemp Issues Early Child 19(4):367\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1463949118808099","journal-title":"Contemp Issues Early Child"},{"key":"6187_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed PG (1991) Self-transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults. Nurs Res 40(1):5\u201311","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199101000-00002"},{"key":"6187_CR101","first-page":"105","volume":"3","author":"PG Reed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reed PG (2008) Theory of self-transcendence. Middle Range Theory for Nurs 3:105\u2013129","journal-title":"Middle Range Theory for Nurs"},{"key":"6187_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/columbia\/9780231174060.001.0001","volume-title":"Sacred knowledge: psychedelics and religious experiences","author":"WA Richards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards WA (2015) Sacred knowledge: psychedelics and religious experiences. Columbia University Press, New York"},{"key":"6187_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOPP.0000039938.39574.9e","volume":"25","author":"T Rochford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rochford T (2004) Whare Tapa Wha: A M\u00e4ori Model of a Unified Theory of Health. J Primary Prevent 25:41\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOPP.0000039938.39574.9e","journal-title":"J Primary Prevent"},{"key":"6187_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00974","volume":"8","author":"L Roseman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL (2017) Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. Front Pharmacol 8:974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00974","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119855974","volume":"33","author":"L Roseman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roseman L, Haijen E, Idialu-Ikato K, Kaelen M, Watts R, Carhart-Harris R (2019) Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: validation of the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory. J Psychopharmacol 33:1076\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881119855974","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.69.4.719","volume":"69","author":"CD Ryff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ryff CD, Keyes CLM (1995) The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol 69:719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0022-3514.69.4.719","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867417723990","volume":"52","author":"AK Saeri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeri AK, Cruwys T, Barlow FK, Stronge S, Sibley CG (2018) Social connectedness improves public mental health: investigating bidirectional relationships in the New Zealand attitudes and values survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 52:365\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867417723990","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"6187_CR108","first-page":"1327","volume":"10","author":"E Salm\u00f3n","year":"2000","unstructured":"Salm\u00f3n E (2000) Kincentric ecology: Indigenous perceptions of the human\u2013nature relationship. Ecol Appl 10(5):1327\u20131332","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"6187_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00733","volume":"9","author":"EES Schenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schenberg EES (2018) Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a paradigm shift in psychiatric research and development. Front Pharmacol 9:733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.00733","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"6187_CR110","volume-title":"Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being","author":"ME Seligman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seligman ME (2012) Flourish: a visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Simon and Schuster, New York"},{"key":"6187_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel AN, Meshkat S, Benitah K, Lipsitz O, Gill H, Lui LM, Teopiz KM, McIntyre RS, Rosenblat JD (2021) Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 139:71\u201381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.019"},{"key":"6187_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11089-008-0125-2","volume":"56","author":"S Sorajjakool","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sorajjakool S, Aja V, Chilson B, Ram\u00edrez-Johnson J, Earll A (2008) Disconnection, depression, and spirituality: a study of the role of spirituality and meaning in the lives of individuals with severe depression. Pastor Psychol 56:521\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11089-008-0125-2","journal-title":"Pastor Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01000-8","volume":"26","author":"M Spriggs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spriggs M, Kettner H, Carhart-Harris R (2021) Positive effects of psychedelics on depression and wellbeing scores in individuals reporting an eating disorder. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 26:1265\u20131270","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"},{"key":"6187_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.12801\/1947-5403.2009.01.01.03","volume":"1","author":"G St John","year":"2009","unstructured":"St John G (2009) Neotrance and the psychedelic festival. Dancecult: J Electron Dance Music Cult 1:35\u201364","journal-title":"Dancecult: J Electron Dance Music Cult"},{"key":"6187_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00169","volume":"4","author":"CS Stauffer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stauffer CS, Anderson BT, Ortigo KM, Woolley J (2020) Psilocybin-assisted group therapy and attachment: observed reduction in attachment anxiety and influences of attachment insecurity on the psilocybin experience. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 4:526\u2013532","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.53.1.80","volume":"53","author":"MF Steger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M (2006) The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol 53:80","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167817715966","volume":"57","author":"TC Swift","year":"2017","unstructured":"Swift TC, Belser AB, Agin-Liebes G, Devenot N, Terrana S, Friedman HL, Guss J, Bossis AP, Ross S (2017) Cancer at the dinner table: experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of cancer-related distress. J Humanist Psychol 57:488\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167817715966","journal-title":"J Humanist Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.041","volume":"266","author":"CT Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor CT, Pearlstein SL, Stein MB (2020) A tale of two systems: testing a positive and negative valence systems framework to understand social disconnection across anxiety and depressive disorders. J Affect Disord 266:207\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.041","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"6187_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63","volume":"5","author":"R Tennant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tennant R, Hiller L, Fishwick R, Platt S, Joseph S, Weich S, Parkinson J, Secker J, Stewart-Brown S (2007) The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 5:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7525-5-63","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"6187_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2174\/15733998113099990003","volume":"6","author":"G Thomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas G, Lucas P, Capler NR, Tupper KW, Martin G (2013) Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: results from a preliminary observational study in Canada. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 6:30\u201342","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"6187_CR121","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"C Timmermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Timmermann C, Kettner H, Letheby C, Roseman L, Rosas FE, Carhart-Harris RL (2021) Psychedelics Alter Metaphysical Beliefs Scientific Reports 11:1\u201313","journal-title":"Psychedelics Alter Metaphysical Beliefs Scientific Reports"},{"key":"6187_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00596.x","volume":"83","author":"KC Townsend","year":"2005","unstructured":"Townsend KC, McWhirter BT (2005) Connectedness: a review of the literature with implications for counseling, assessment, and research. J Couns Dev 83:191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00596.x","journal-title":"J Couns Dev"},{"key":"6187_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/13537900050005976","volume":"15","author":"D Tramacchi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tramacchi D (2000) Field tripping: psychedelic communitas and ritual in the Australian bush. J Contemp Relig 15:201\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13537900050005976","journal-title":"J Contemp Relig"},{"key":"6187_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trichter, S., Klimo, J., & Krippner, S. (2009). Changes in spirituality among ayahuasca ceremony novice participants.\u00a0J Psychoactive Drugs\u00a041(2): 121\u2013134.\u00a0https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2009-10930-003","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10399905"},{"key":"6187_CR125","unstructured":"UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), State of the World's Indigenous Peoples, 14 January 2010, ST\/ESA\/328, available at:\u00a0https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/4b6700ed2.html\u00a0[accessed 27th May 2022]"},{"issue":"3","key":"6187_CR126","first-page":"64","volume":"46","author":"H Valentine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valentine H, Tassell-Mataamua N, Ross F (2017) Whakairia ki runga: The many dimensions of wairua. N Z J Psychol 46(3):64\u201371","journal-title":"N Z J Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-60750-034-6-67","volume":"2","author":"DT Van Bel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Bel DT, Smolders K, IJsselsteijn WA, de Kort Y (2009) Social connectedness: concept and measurement. Intell Environ 2:67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-60750-034-6-67","journal-title":"Intell Environ"},{"key":"6187_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01172.x","volume":"37","author":"AE van den Berg","year":"2011","unstructured":"van den Berg AE, van den Berg C (2011) A comparison of children with ADHD in a natural and built setting. Child: care, health dev 37:430\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01172.x","journal-title":"Child: care, health dev"},{"key":"6187_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.12.004","volume":"15","author":"R Watts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watts R, Luoma JB (2020) The use of the psychological flexibility model to support psychedelic assisted therapy. J Contextual Behav Sci 15:92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.12.004","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167817709585","volume":"57","author":"R Watts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watts R, Day C, Krzanowski J, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R (2017) Patients\u2019 accounts of increased \u201cconnectedness\u201d and \u201cacceptance\u201d after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. J Humanist Psychol 57:520\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167817709585","journal-title":"J Humanist Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Watts R (2021) Psilocybin for Depression: The ACE Model Manual. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/5x2bu","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/5x2bu"},{"key":"6187_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84746-0","volume":"11","author":"B Weiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weiss B, Miller JD, Carter NT et al (2021) Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca. Sci Rep 11:6653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-84746-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6187_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkelman M (2010) Shamanism: a biopsychosocial paradigm of consciousness and healing. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, CA","DOI":"10.5040\/9798216014133"},{"key":"6187_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288127","volume":"34","author":"RL Worthington","year":"2006","unstructured":"Worthington RL, Whittaker TA (2006) Scale development research: a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. Couns Psychol 34:806\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011000006288127","journal-title":"Couns Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00194","author":"DB Yaden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yaden DB, Griffiths RR (2020) The subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsptsci.0c00194","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci"},{"key":"6187_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000102","volume":"21","author":"DB Yaden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yaden DB, Haidt J, Hood RW Jr, Vago DR, Newberg AB (2017) The varieties of self-transcendent experience. Rev Gen Psychol 21:143\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/gpr0000102","journal-title":"Rev Gen Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2018.1484940","volume":"14","author":"DB Yaden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaden DB, Kaufman SB, Hyde E, Chirico A, Gaggioli A, Zhang JW, Keltner D (2019) The development of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S): a multifactorial measure for a complex emotion. J Posit Psychol 14:474\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17439760.2018.1484940","journal-title":"J Posit Psychol"},{"key":"6187_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeifman RJ, Wagner AC, Watts R, Kettner H, Mertens LJ, Carhart-Harris RL (2020) Post-psychedelic reductions in experiential avoidance are associated with decreases in depression severity and suicidal ideation. Front Psychiatry 11:782","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00782"},{"key":"6187_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916512451901","volume":"46","author":"JM Zelenski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zelenski JM, Nisbet EK (2014) Happiness and feeling connected: the distinct role of nature relatedness. Environ Behav 46:3\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013916512451901","journal-title":"Environ Behav"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T23:05:38Z","timestamp":1727737538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06187-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"RW is a clinical advisor to Synthesis Institute and Usona Institute, a consultant clinical psychologist to Small Pharma, and the founder of Acer Integration Ltd. CT is a scientific advisor to Entheon Biomedical. RCH is a scientific advisor to Entheon Biomedical, Mydecine, Maya Health, Osmind, Synthesis Institute, Tryp Therapeutics, Journey Collab, Beckley Psytech and Usona Institute. DN receiving consulting fees from Awakn, H. Lundbeck, and Psyched Wellness, advisory board fees from COMPASS Pathways, and lecture fees from Takeda Medical Research Foundation and owning stock in Alcarelle.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}