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Preclinical research suggests that fat-stored THC can be released into circulation under lipolytic conditions, such as stress. However, compelling evidence of this phenomenon is lacking in humans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we investigated the effects of acute stress on blood (plasma) THC (and 11-COOH-THC) concentrations as well as indices of intoxication (e.g., cognitive function, subjective drug effects) in \u2018regular\u2019 (i.e., &gt;\u20093 days\/week) cannabis users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifteen volunteers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099 female; cannabis use: 5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5 days\/week) participated in a single-arm (i.e., pre-\/post-intervention) trial. The intervention (stressor) was cold water immersion (CWI); specifically, 10\u00a0min at ~\u200910\u00a0\u00b0C. Plasma cannabinoid concentrations, cognitive function and subjective drug effects were measured pre-, shortly post- and 2\u00a0h post-intervention. Measures of stress (e.g., heart rate [HR], blood pressure [BP], subjective ratings) and lipolysis (i.e., plasma free fatty acid [FFA] and glycerol concentrations) were also obtained.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CWI produced a small but significant stress response, characterised by increased HR and systolic BP and decreased subjective \u201ccalmness\u201d. It also increased plasma FFA and glycerol concentrations, albeit modestly. However, neither plasma THC nor 11-COOH-THC concentrations increased from pre- to post-intervention. Cognitive function also remained unchanged, while subjective drug effects were negligible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stress induced via brief CWI does not appear to increase blood cannabinoid concentrations or induce intoxication in moderate cannabis users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06833-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T03:17:18Z","timestamp":1749871038000},"page":"2785-2799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does acute stress induced via cold water immersion increase blood THC concentrations in regular cannabis users?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"242","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"McCartney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Levoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Sharman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon C.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain S.","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"6833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2687","volume":"11","author":"T Arkell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arkell T, Kevin RC, Stuart J, Lintzeris N, Haber PS, Ramaekers JG, McGregor IS (2019a) Detection of \u22069 THC in oral fluid following vaporized cannabis with varied Cannabidiol (CBD) content: an evaluation of two point-of-collection testing devices. 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D.M. has received consulting fees from Medicinal Cannabis Industry Australia (MCIA), J.C.A has received consulting fees from MCIA, Haleon and Creo Inc., and I.S.M. has received fees\/honoraria from MCIA, Althea and Janssen and has consulted for Kinoxis Therapeutics and Psylo. D.M., J.C.A and I.S.M have served as expert witnesses in medicolegal cases involving cannabis and cannabinoids. J.C.A. and I.S.M are also named as inventors on patents relating to novel cannabinoid therapeutics (PCT\/AU2018\/05089 and PCT\/AU2019\/050554). ISM is an inventor on patents WO2017004674, WO2018107216, WO2020102857 and AU2022240104 licensed to Kinoxis Therapeutics, involving the use of novel small molecules (non-cannabinoid) to treat addictions, social deficits, opioid withdrawal and aggression.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"D.M., R.G., L.S., K.W., J.C.A. and I.S.M. receive salary support from the Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics. D.M. has received consulting fees from Medicinal Cannabis Industry Australia (MCIA), J.C.A has received consulting fees from MCIA, Haleon and Creo Inc., and I.S.M. has received consulting fees from MCIA, Kinoxis Therapeutics and Janssen. D.M., J.C.A and I.S.M have served as expert witnesses in medicolegal cases involving cannabis and cannabinoids. J.C.A. and I.S.M are also named as inventors on patents relating to novel cannabinoid therapeutics (PCT\/AU2018\/05089 and PCT\/AU2019\/050554).","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}