{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:25:45Z","timestamp":1788279945293,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004823","name":"Nagoya University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The efficacy of hypnotic drugs for sleep-wake state discrepancy remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the efficacy of lemborexant in improving sleep-wake state discrepancy in insomnia disorder and its associations with sleep quality and daytime functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine participants diagnosed with insomnia disorder were treated with lemborexant for 12 weeks. Objective sleep parameters were measured using a home electroencephalography device, and subjective parameters were obtained from electronic sleep diaries. Sleep-wake state discrepancy indices, including discrepancies of sleep onset latency (disSOL), wake after sleep onset (disWASO), total sleep time (disTST), and sleep efficiency (disSE), were calculated as objective minus subjective sleep parameters. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were used to assess sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. Linear mixed-effects models were used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both subjective and objective sleep parameters were improved at 12 weeks after lemborexant administration. The disTST decreased significantly at 4 and 12 weeks. The disSOL increased and disSE decreased significantly by 12 weeks. Participants with defined sleep-wake state discrepancy (disTST\u2009&gt;\u20090\u00a0min) showed greater decreases in these indices, whereas minimal changes were observed in those without. The disWASO did not change significantly among baseline and 4 and 12 weeks. The improvement in disTST demonstrated a significant association with the reduction of ESS scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), whereas there was no substantial effect on PSQI scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present findings suggest that lemborexant treatment reduces sleep-wake state discrepancy, which may be associated with improved daytime functioning in patients with insomnia disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06845-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T05:26:22Z","timestamp":1750742782000},"page":"133-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of lemborexant on sleep-wake state discrepancy in participants with insomnia disorder"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Kent","family":"Naito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3868-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiko","family":"Miyata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ippei","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nao","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norio","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6845_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","volume":"67","author":"AT Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W (1996) Comparison of Beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. J Pers Assess 67:588\u2013597","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"6845_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13802","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13802","volume":"32","author":"F Benz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benz F, Riemann D, Domschke K, Spiegelhalder K, Johann AF, Marshall NS, Feige B (2023) How many hours do you sleep? A comparison of subjective and objective sleep duration measures in a sample of insomnia patients and good sleepers. J Sleep Res 32:e13802","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ (1989) The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 28:193\u2013213","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"6845_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.12.007","volume":"44","author":"A Castelnovo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castelnovo A, Ferri R, Punjabi NM, Castronovo V, Garbazza C, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Manconi M (2019) The paradox of paradoxical insomnia: a theoretical review towards a unifying evidence-based definition. Sleep Med Rev 44:70\u201382","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6845_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.011","volume":"167","author":"A Castelnovo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castelnovo A, Ferri R, Galbiati A, Rossi A, Zucconi M, Castronovo V, Strambi LF, Manconi M (2021) Extreme sleep state misperception: from psychopathology to objective-subjective sleep measures. Int J Psychophysiol 167:77\u201385","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"6845_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001070","volume":"84","author":"SE Cho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cho SE, Kang JM, Ko KP, Lim WJ, Redline S, Winkelman JW, Kang SG (2022) Association between subjective-objective discrepancy of sleeping time and health-related quality of life: a community-based polysomnographic study. Psychosom Med 84:505\u2013512","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"6845_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12809","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12809","volume":"28","author":"JM Dzierzewski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dzierzewski JM, Martin JL, Fung CH, Song Y, Fiorentino L, Jouldjian S, Rodriguez JC, Mitchell M, Josephson K, Alessi CA (2019) CBT for late-life insomnia and the accuracy of sleep and wake perceptions: results from a randomized-controlled trial. J Sleep Res 28:e12809","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8988","volume":"17","author":"JD Edinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edinger JD, Arnedt JT, Bertisch SM, Carney CE, Harrington JJ, Lichstein KL, Sateia MJ, Troxel WM, Zhou ES, Kazmi U, Heald JL, Martin JL (2021) Behavioral and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia disorder in adults: an American academy of sleep medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment. J Clin Sleep Med 17:263\u2013298","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"6845_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabbri M, Beracci A, Martoni M, Meneo D, Tonetti L, Natale V (2021) Measuring subjective sleep quality: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:1082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031082"},{"key":"6845_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025730","volume":"138","author":"AG Harvey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harvey AG, Tang NK (2012) (Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution. Psychol Bull 138:77\u2013101","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"6845_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepx.2020.100014","volume":"2","author":"LWA Hermans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hermans LWA, Nano MM, Leufkens TR, van Gilst MM, Overeem S (2020a) Sleep onset (mis)perception in relation to sleep fragmentation, time estimation and pre-sleep arousal. Sleep Med X 2:100014","journal-title":"Sleep Med X"},{"key":"6845_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermans LWA, van Gilst MM, Regis M, van den Heuvel LCE, Langen H, van Mierlo P, Krijn R, Hoondert B, Maass H, van Dijk JP, Leufkens TRM, Overeem S (2020b) Modeling sleep onset misperception in insomnia. Sleep 43:zsaa014","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa014"},{"key":"6845_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05660-3","volume":"238","author":"LWA Hermans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hermans LWA, Regis M, Fonseca P, Overeem S, Leufkens TRM, Vermeeren A, van Gilst MM (2021) Assessing sleep-wake survival dynamics in relation to sleep quality in a placebo-controlled pharmacological intervention study with people with insomnia and healthy controls. Psychopharmacology 238:83\u201394","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"6845_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00170-4","volume":"23","author":"A Iranzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iranzo A, Cochen De Cock V, Fantini ML, Perez-Carbonell L, Trotti LM (2024) Sleep and sleep disorders in people with parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 23:925\u2013937","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6845_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182359e77","volume":"73","author":"M Jackowska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackowska M, Dockray S, Hendrickx H, Steptoe A (2011) Psychosocial factors and sleep efficiency: discrepancies between subjective and objective evaluations of sleep. Psychosom Med 73:810\u2013816","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"6845_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","volume":"14","author":"MW Johns","year":"1991","unstructured":"Johns MW (1991) A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep 14:540\u2013545","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karppa M, Yardley J, Pinner K, Filippov G, Zammit G, Moline M, Perdomo C, Inoue Y, Ishikawa K, Kubota N (2020) Long-term efficacy and tolerability of lemborexant compared with placebo in adults with insomnia disorder: results from the phase 3 randomized clinical trial SUNRISE 2. Sleep 43","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa123"},{"key":"6845_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S366774","volume":"14","author":"K Kawai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kawai K, Iwamoto K, Miyata S, Okada I, Ando M, Fujishiro H, Noda A, Ozaki N (2022) A study of factors causing sleep state misperception in patients with depression. Nat Sci Sleep 14:1273\u20131283","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51336","DOI":"10.2196\/51336","volume":"25","author":"K Kawai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kawai K, Iwamoto K, Miyata S, Okada I, Fujishiro H, Noda A, Nakagome K, Ozaki N, Ikeda M (2023) Comparison of polysomnography, single-channel electroencephalogram, fitbit, and sleep logs in patients with psychiatric disorders: cross-sectional study. J Med Internet Res 25:e51336","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"6845_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12220","volume":"24","author":"DB Kay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kay DB, Buysse DJ, Germain A, Hall M, Monk TH (2015) Subjective-objective sleep discrepancy among older adults: associations with insomnia diagnosis and insomnia treatment. J Sleep Res 24:32\u201339","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.05.025","volume":"128","author":"T Kishi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kishi T, Nomura I, Matsuda Y, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Ikuta T, Iwata N (2020) Lemborexant vs suvorexant for insomnia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 128:68\u201374","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"6845_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12205","volume":"41","author":"T Kishi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kishi T, Nishida M, Koebis M, Taninaga T, Muramoto K, Kubota N, Moline M, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Nomura I, Iwata N (2021) Evidence-based insomnia treatment strategy using novel orexin antagonists: a review. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 41:450\u2013458","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Rep"},{"key":"6845_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-040323-031929","volume":"64","author":"JOJ Kron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kron JOJ, Keenan RJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH (2024) Orexin receptor antagonism: normalizing sleep architecture in old age and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 64:359\u2013386","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"6845_CR24","first-page":"630","volume":"25","author":"AD Krystal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krystal AD, Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Marsh GR (2002) NREM sleep EEG frequency spectral correlates of sleep complaints in primary insomnia subtypes. Sleep 25:630\u2013640","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lecci S, Cataldi J, Betta M, Bernardi G, Heinzer R, Siclari F (2020) Electroencephalographic changes associated with subjective under- and overestimation of sleep duration. Sleep 43:zsaa094","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa094"},{"key":"6845_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101559","volume":"60","author":"C Liguori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liguori C, Toledo M, Kothare S (2021) Effects of anti-seizure medications on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness in patients with epilepsy: a literature review. Sleep Med Rev 60:101559","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6845_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21938","volume":"69","author":"HG Lund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lund HG, Rybarczyk BD, Perrin PB, Leszczyszyn D, Stepanski E (2013) The discrepancy between subjective and objective measures of sleep in older adults receiving CBT for comorbid insomnia. J Clin Psychol 69:1108\u20131120","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"6845_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.01.027","volume":"115","author":"A Maltezos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maltezos A, Perrault AA, Walsh NA, Phillips EM, Gong K, Tarelli L, Smith D, Cross NE, Pomares FB, Gouin JP, Dang-Vu TT (2024) Methodological approach to sleep state misperception in insomnia disorder: comparison between multiple nights of actigraphy recordings and a single night of polysomnography recording. Sleep Med 115:21\u201329","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"6845_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/16.4.392","volume":"16","author":"WB Mendelson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mendelson WB (1993) Pharmacologic alteration of the perception of being awake or asleep. Sleep 16:641\u2013646","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174520","volume":"95","author":"WB Mendelson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mendelson WB, Martin JV, Stephens H, Giesen H, James SP (1988) Effects of flurazepam on sleep, arousal threshold, and the perception of being asleep. Psychopharmacology 95:258\u2013262","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"6845_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6230","volume":"39","author":"CB Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller CB, Bartlett DJ, Mullins AE, Dodds KL, Gordon CJ, Kyle SD, Kim JW, D\u2019Rozario AL, Lee RS, Comas M, Marshall NS, Yee BJ, Espie CA, Grunstein RR (2016) Clusters of insomnia disorder: an exploratory cluster analysis of objective sleep parameters reveals differences in neurocognitive functioning, quantitative EEG, and heart rate variability. Sleep 39:1993\u20132004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13273","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13273","volume":"30","author":"S Miyata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miyata S, Iwamoto K, Banno M, Eguchi J, Kaneko S, Noda A, Ozaki N (2021) Performance of an ambulatory electroencephalogram sleep monitor in patients with psychiatric disorders. J Sleep Res 30:e13273","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S448871","volume":"16","author":"S Miyata","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miyata S, Iwamoto K, Okada I, Fujimoto A, Kogo Y, Mori D, Amano M, Matsuyama N, Nishida K, Ando M, Taoka T, Naganawa S, Ozaki N (2024) Assessing the real-world, long-term impact of lemborexant on sleep quality in a home-based clinical study. Nat Sci Sleep 16:291\u2013303","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9150","volume":"17","author":"M Moline","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moline M, Zammit G, Cheng JY, Perdomo C, Kumar D, Mayleben D (2021) Comparison of the effect of lemborexant with placebo and zolpidem tartrate extended release on sleep architecture in older adults with insomnia disorder. J Clin Sleep Med 17:1167\u20131174","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"6845_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2305655","volume":"391","author":"CM Morin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morin CM, Buysse DJ (2024) Management of insomnia. N Engl J Med 391:247\u2013258","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6845_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e054885","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054885","volume":"11","author":"I Okada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okada I, Iwamoto K, Miyata S, Fujimoto A, Tanaka M, Amano M, Matsuyama N, Taoka T, Naganawa S, Ozaki N (2021) FLUID study: study protocol for an open-label, single-centre pilot study to investigate the effect of lemborexant on sleep management in Japanese sUbjects aged 50 years and older with insomnia disorder. BMJ Open 11:e054885","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6845_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.1997.00045.x","volume":"6","author":"ML Perlis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perlis ML, Giles DE, Mendelson WB, Bootzin RR, Wyatt JK (1997) Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res 6:179\u2013188","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.05.010","volume":"97","author":"AA Perrault","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perrault AA, Pomares FB, Smith D, Cross NE, Gong K, Maltezos A, McCarthy M, Madigan E, Tarelli L, McGrath JJ, Savard J, Schwartz S, Gouin JP, Dang-Vu TT (2022) Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on subjective and objective measures of sleep and cognition. Sleep Med 97:13\u201326","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"6845_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.01.002","volume":"40","author":"L Rezaie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rezaie L, Fobian AD, McCall WV, Khazaie H (2018) Paradoxical insomnia and subjective-objective sleep discrepancy: a review. Sleep Med Rev 40:196\u2013202","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6845_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14035","volume":"32","author":"D Riemann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, Arnardottir ES, Baglioni C, Bassetti CLA, Bastien C, Berzina N, Bjorvatn B, Dikeos D, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Garcia-Borreguero D, Geoffroy PA, Gjerstad M, Goncalves M, Hertenstein E, Hoedlmoser K, Hion T, Holzinger B, Janku K, Jansson-Frojmark M, Jarnefelt H, Jernelov S, Jennum PJ, Khachatryan S, Krone L, Kyle SD, Lancee J, Leger D, Lupusor A, Marques DR, Nissen C, Palagini L, Paunio T, Perogamvros L, Pevernagie D, Schabus M, Shochat T, Szentkiralyi A, Van Someren E, van Straten A, Wichniak A, Verbraecken J, Spiegelhalder K (2023) The European insomnia guideline: an update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023. J Sleep Res 32:e14035","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1918254","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.18254","volume":"2","author":"R Rosenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenberg R, Murphy P, Zammit G, Mayleben D, Kumar D, Dhadda S, Filippov G, LoPresti A, Moline M (2019) Comparison of lemborexant with placebo and Zolpidem tartrate extended release for the treatment of older adults with insomnia disorder: A phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2:e1918254","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"6845_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.06.016","volume":"43","author":"CN Semler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semler CN, Harvey AG (2005) Misperception of sleep can adversely affect daytime functioning in insomnia. Behav Res Ther 43:843\u2013856","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"6845_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.12.014","volume":"114","author":"MA Spina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Spina MA, Bei B, Rajaratnam SW, Krystal A, Edinger JD, Buysse DJ, Thase M, Manber R (2024) Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia reduces actigraphy and diary measured sleep discrepancy for individuals with comorbid insomnia and major depressive disorder: a report from the TRIAD study. Sleep Med 114:137\u2013144","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"6845_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14028","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14028","volume":"32","author":"AM Stephan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stephan AM, Siclari F (2023) Reconsidering sleep perception in insomnia: from misperception to mismeasurement. J Sleep Res 32:e14028","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6845_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210907122933","volume":"20","author":"SY Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun SY, Chen GH (2022) Treatment of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 20:1022\u20131034","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"6845_CR46","first-page":"101","volume":"7","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Loparo KA, Kelly MR, Kaplan RF (2015) Evaluation of an automated single-channel sleep staging algorithm. Nat Sci Sleep 7:101\u2013111","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"6845_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-018-0181-5","volume":"23","author":"M Wenigmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wenigmann M, Gorzka RJ, Garling M, Spiegelhalder K, H\u00f6llmer H, Schulz H (2019) Sleep state misperception in psychiatric patients. Somnologie 23:43\u201348","journal-title":"Somnologie"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06845-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06845-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06845-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:02:51Z","timestamp":1770372171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06845-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06845-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Nagoya University Certified Review Board (2021\u20130079) and registered in the Japanese Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT s041210024). The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All participants agreed to the purpose and procedures of this study and provided written consent prior to the starting.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants agreed to the publish of this study and provided written consent prior to the starting.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"AF and YK are employees of Eisai Co., Ltd. KI reports personal fees from Eisai, Lundbeck Japan, MSD, Otsuka, Sumitomo Pharma, Takeda, Viatris, and DAIICHI SANKYO, outside the submitted work. NO has received research support or speaker honoraria from, or has served as a joint researcher with, or a consultant to, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Viatris Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., The KAITEKI Institute, Inc., Ricoh Co., Ltd., and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; reports personal fees\/grants from Eli Lilly, DAIICHI SANKYO, TSUMURA, Takeda, Mochida, Meiji Seika Pharma, EA Pharma, Viatris, Ricoh, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Lundbeck Japan, Nihon Medi-Physics, and Nippon Chemiphar, outside the submitted work. MI has received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Meiji Seika Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck Japan KK, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Jansen Pharmaceutica KK, Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma, MSD, Eisai, Kyowa Pharma Chemical, Towa Pharmaceutical, and Viatris. The other authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}