{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:43:41Z","timestamp":1789479821559,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T34GM136467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T34GM136467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R16GM154678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16GM154678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience more sleep problems than their peers. As stimulant medications, particularly methylphenidate (MPH), are the most common treatment for pediatric ADHD, there has been growing interest in whether such medications contribute to sleep disturbances and the development of sleep disorders later in life. Despite ongoing interest, evidence related to MPH on sleep functioning in children remains mixed. The present study investigated the effects of MPH on 24-hour rest\/wake activity patterns and circadian rhythms in adolescent versus adult rats. Male and female Long-Evans rats were administered MPH (1 or 2\u00a0mg\/kg, i.p.) or control twice daily for 10 days during either adolescence (PD 30\u201339) or adulthood (PD 80\u201389). Non-invasive activity monitors, secured to each rat using custom-fitted jackets, were used to assess circadian rhythms and detailed activity patterns over a 24-hour reverse light\/dark cycle. Microanalysis of activity patterns were assessed on the last day of MPH treatment, during acute discontinuation, and after 10 days of prolonged discontinuation. Results showed that repeated MPH administration produced dose- and age-specific increases in activity across the light\/dark cycle on the last day of treatment. In adults, this was associated with longer and more frequent active episodes during the dark period, and transient increases in fragmented activity during early withdrawal. MPH also impaired rest quality in female rats, reflected by fewer rest episodes and increased fragmentation during the light period. While some of these disruptions persisted immediately after discontinuation, more pronounced impairments in rest quality emerged after 10 days of withdrawal. These findings suggest that while MPH may enhance activity during treatment in an age- and sex-dependent manner, its discontinuation may lead to lasting reductions in sleep quality in both adolescents and adults who are transiently exposed to the psychostimulants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06859-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T03:28:00Z","timestamp":1753846080000},"page":"535-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Methylphenidate leads to disruptions in rest\/wake patterns after discontinuation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Cueto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena R.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra N.","family":"Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Guerrero Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1787-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie R.","family":"Amodeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"6859_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahlberg R, Garcia-Argibay M, Taylor M et al (2023) Prevalence of sleep disorder diagnoses and sleep medication prescriptions in individuals with ADHD across the lifespan: A Swedish nationwide register-based study. BMJ Mental Health 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJMENT-2023-300809","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJMENT-2023-300809"},{"key":"6859_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.10.021","volume":"92","author":"MF Algahim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Algahim MF, Yang PB, Wilcox VT et al (2009) Prolonged methylphenidate treatment alters the behavioral diurnal activity pattern of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 92:93\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.10.021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"6859_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524911006030247","volume":"10","author":"MF Algahim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Algahim MF, Yang PB, Burau KD et al (2010) Repetitive ritalin treatment modulates the diurnal activity pattern of young SD male rats. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 10:247\u2013257","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"6859_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.02.019","volume":"324","author":"LR Amodeo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amodeo LR, Jacobs-Brichford E, McMurray MS, Roitman JD (2017) Acute and long-term effects of adolescent methylphenidate on decision-making and dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the orbitofrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 324:100\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.02.019","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ALCOHOL.2025.01.006","volume":"124","author":"LR Amodeo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amodeo LR, Wills DN, Benedict J, Ehlers CL (2025) Effects of Daridorexant on rest\/wake activity patterns and drinking in adult rats exposed to chronic ethanol vapor in adolescence. Alcohol 124:35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ALCOHOL.2025.01.006","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"6859_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.103","volume":"37","author":"MC Antle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Antle MC, Van Diepen HC, Deboer T et al (2012) Methylphenidate modifies the motion of the circadian clock. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:2446\u20132455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2012.103","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"6859_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.03.001","volume":"119","author":"F Atrooz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atrooz F, Salim S (2020) Sleep deprivation, oxidative stress and inflammation. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 119:309\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol"},{"key":"6859_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.03.038","volume":"1513","author":"AL Baird","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baird AL, Coogan AN, Kaufling J et al (2013) Daily methylphenidate and Atomoxetine treatment impacts on clock gene protein expression in the mouse brain. Brain Res 1513:61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.03.038","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COPSYC.2019.09.006","volume":"34","author":"SP Becker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becker SP (2020) ADHD and sleep: recent advances and future directions. Curr Opin Psychol 34:50\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COPSYC.2019.09.006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"6859_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000285","volume":"37","author":"SP Becker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Becker SP, Froehlich TE, Epstein JN (2016) Effects of methylphenidate on sleep functioning in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr 37:395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000285","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"6859_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/S00787-017-1055-2","volume":"27","author":"SP Becker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker SP, Cusick CN, Sidol CA et al (2018) The impact of comorbid mental health symptoms and sex on sleep functioning in children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:353\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00787-017-1055-2","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"6859_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.10.027","volume":"1431","author":"M Bergheim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergheim M, Yang PB, Burau KD, Dafny N (2012) Adolescent rat circadian activity is modulated by psychostimulants. Brain Res 1431:35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.10.027","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00570-5","volume":"54","author":"CA Bola\u00f1os","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bola\u00f1os CA, Barrot M, Berton O et al (2003) Methylphenidate treatment during pre- and periadolescence alters behavioral responses to emotional stimuli at adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 54:1317\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00570-5","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6859_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bondopadhyay U,\u2026 UD-O-J of A (2022) undefined (2022) A systematic review of sleep and circadian rhythms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. journals.sagepub.com 26:149\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054720978556","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054720978556"},{"key":"6859_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/30.4.433","volume":"30","author":"AM Boonstra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boonstra AM, Kooij JJS, Oosterlaan J et al (2007) Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep 30:433\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/SLEEP\/30.4.433","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6859_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00281-0","volume":"25","author":"CL Brandon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brandon CL, Marinelli M, Baker LK, White FJ (2001) Enhanced reactivity and vulnerability to cocaine following methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:651\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00281-0","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"6859_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1467-789X.2006.00277.X","volume":"8","author":"MS Bray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bray MS, Young ME (2007) Circadian rhythms in the development of obesity: potential role for the circadian clock within the adipocyte. Obes Rev 8:169\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1467-789X.2006.00277.X","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"6859_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00332-2","volume":"11","author":"I Brikell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brikell I, Yao H, Li L, Astrup A et al (2024) ADHD medication discontinuation and persistence across the lifespan: a retrospective observational study using population-based databases. Lancet Psychiatry 11:16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00332-2","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"6859_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.08.027","volume":"226","author":"MI Chelaru","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chelaru MI, Yang PB, Dafny N (2012) Sex differences in the behavioral response to methylphenidate in three adolescent rat strains (WKY, SHR, SD). Behav Brain Res 226:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.08.027","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1093\/JPEPSY\/JSM106","volume":"33","author":"P Corkum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corkum P, Panton R, Ironside S et al (2008) Acute impact of immediate release methylphenidate administered three times a day on sleep in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr Psychol 33:368\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JPEPSY\/JSM106","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"6859_CR21","first-page":"894","volume":"48","author":"S Cortese","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cortese S, Faraone SV, Konofal E, Lecendreux M (2009) Sleep in children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder: Meta-Analysis of subjective and objective studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:894\u2013908","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"6859_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716685840","volume":"24","author":"SG Craig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Craig SG, Weiss MD, Hudec KL, Gibbins C (2020) The functional impact of sleep disorders in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 24:499\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054716685840","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"6859_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10197","volume":"48","author":"CA Crawford","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crawford CA, Williams MT, Newman ER et al (2003) Methamphetamine exposure during the preweanling period causes prolonged changes in dorsal striatal protein kinase A activity, dopamine D2-like binding sites, and dopamine content. Synapse 48:131\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/syn.10197","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"6859_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRESBULL.2005.10.005","volume":"68","author":"N Dafny","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dafny N, Yang PB (2006) The role of age, genotype, sex, and route of acute and chronic administration of methylphenidate: A review of its locomotor effects. Brain Res Bull 68:393\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BRAINRESBULL.2005.10.005","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"6859_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.15585\/MMWR.MM7213A1","volume":"72","author":"ML Danielson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danielson ML, Bohm MK, Newsome K et al (2023) Trends in stimulant prescription fills among commercially insured children and Adults - United states, 2016\u20132021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 72:327\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/MMWR.MM7213A1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"6859_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Darchia N, Campbell IG, Basishvili T et al (2022) Sleep electroencephalogram evidence of delayed brain maturation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a longitudinal study. Sleep 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/SLEEP\/ZSAC163","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/ZSAC163"},{"key":"6859_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dumitru C, Iacob CI, Zamfirache F et al (2025) Sleep deprivation and memory consolidation in rats: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Behav Brain Res 487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115591"},{"key":"6859_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/NPP.2017.294","volume":"43","author":"A Eban-Rothschild","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eban-Rothschild A, Appelbaum L, De Lecea L (2018) Neuronal mechanisms for sleep\/wake regulation and modulatory drive. Neuropsychopharmacology 43:937\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NPP.2017.294","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"6859_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/ACER.15079","volume":"47","author":"CL Ehlers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ehlers CL, Wills D, Benedict J, Amodeo LR (2023) Use of a Fitbit-like device in rats: sex differences, relation to EEG sleep, and use to measure the long-term effects of adolescent ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Experimental Res 47:1055\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ACER.15079","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Experimental Res"},{"key":"6859_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eyuboglu M, Clinical DE-P and, 2018 undefined (2017) Behavioural sleep problems in previously untreated children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Taylor Francis 28:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24750573.2017.1368365","DOI":"10.1080\/24750573.2017.1368365"},{"key":"6859_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2869.2009.00795.X","volume":"19","author":"BC Galland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galland BC, Tripp EG, Taylor BJ (2010) The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: a matched case-control study. J Sleep Res 19:366\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1365-2869.2009.00795.X","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6859_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00296-X","volume":"727","author":"O Gaytan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gaytan O, Ghelani D, Martin S et al (1996) Dose response characteristics of methylphenidate on different indices of rats\u2019 locomotor activity at the beginning of the dark cycle. Brain Res 727:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00296-X","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00880-9","volume":"777","author":"O Gaytan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gaytan O, Ghelani D, Martin S et al (1997) Methylphenidate: diurnal effects on locomotor and stereotypic behavior in the rat. Brain Res 777:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00880-9","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02117-X","volume":"864","author":"O Gaytan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gaytan O, Yang P, Swann A, Dafny N (2000) Diurnal differences in sensitization to methylphenidate. Brain Res 864:24\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02117-X","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(82)90010-2","volume":"10","author":"MR Gossop","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gossop MR, Bradley BP, Brewis RK (1982) Amphetamine withdrawal and sleep disturbance. Drug Alcohol Depend 10:177\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0376-8716(82)90010-2","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"6859_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1460-9568.2002.02140.X","volume":"16","author":"M Iijima","year":"2002","unstructured":"Iijima M, Nikaido T, Akiyama M et al (2002) Methamphetamine-induced, Suprachiasmatic nucleus-independent circadian rhythms of activity and mPer gene expression in the striatum of the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 16:921\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1460-9568.2002.02140.X","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"6859_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2869.2010.00845.X","volume":"19","author":"S Ironside","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ironside S, Davidson F, Corkum P (2010) Circadian motor activity affected by stimulant medication in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Sleep Res 19:546\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1365-2869.2010.00845.X","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6859_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBR.2009.09.025","volume":"206","author":"T Ishida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ishida T, Obara Y, Kamei C (2010) Studies on wakefulness-promoting effect of memantine in rats. Behav Brain Res 206:274\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BBR.2009.09.025","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1136\/OEM.58.11.747","volume":"58","author":"B Karlsson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Karlsson B, Knutsson A, Lindahl B (2001) Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people. Occup Environ Med 58:747\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/OEM.58.11.747","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"6859_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4236\/JBBS.2015.52005","volume":"5","author":"S Kayyal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kayyal S, Trinh T, Dafny N et al (2015) Adolescent and adult circadian rhythm activity modulated differently following chronic methylphenidate administration. J Behav Brain Sci 5:56\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/JBBS.2015.52005","journal-title":"J Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"6859_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kazda L, Bell K, Thomas R et al (2021) Overdiagnosis of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review. JAMA Netw Open 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.5335","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.5335"},{"key":"6859_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173424","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PBB.2022.173424","volume":"218","author":"G Kelly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelly G, Bezenah JC, Tejada AN et al (2022) Prepubertal methylphenidate leads to sex-dependent differences in probabilistic discounting. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 218:173424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PBB.2022.173424","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"6859_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.012","volume":"11","author":"E Konofal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Cortese S (2010) Sleep and ADHD. Sleep Med 11:652\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.012","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"6859_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuczenski R, Segal DS (2002) Exposure of adolescent rats to oral methylphenidate: preferential effects on extracellular norepinephrine and absence of sensitization and cross-sensitization to methamphetamine. J Neurosci 22:7264\u20137271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07264.2002","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07264.2002"},{"key":"6859_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68052032.x","volume":"68","author":"R Kuczenski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Kuczenski R (1997) Effects of methylphenidate on extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine: comparison with amphetamine. J Neurochem 68:2032\u20132037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68052032.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"6859_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SLEEP.2006.11.002","volume":"8","author":"EW Lamont","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lamont EW, James FO, Boivin DB, Cermakian N (2007) From circadian clock gene expression to pathologies. Sleep Med 8:547\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SLEEP.2006.11.002","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"6859_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(57)80257-1","volume":"50","author":"MW Laufer","year":"1957","unstructured":"Laufer MW, Denhoff E (1957) Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children. J Pediatr 50:463\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3476(57)80257-1","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"6859_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CONB.2013.02.001","volume":"23","author":"M Lazarus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lazarus M, Chen JF, Urade Y, Huang ZL (2013) Role of the basal ganglia in the control of sleep and wakefulness. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23:780\u2013785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CONB.2013.02.001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"6859_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.008","volume":"57","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Yang PB, Wilcox VT et al (2009) Does repetitive ritalin injection produce long-term effects on SD female adolescent rats? Neuropharmacology 57:201\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2009.06.008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"6859_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/S00702-010-0510-8","volume":"118","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Yang PB, Wilcox VT et al (2011) Repetitive methylphenidate administration modulates the diurnal behavioral activity pattern of adult female SD rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 118:285\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00702-010-0510-8","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"6859_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PBB.2018.07.001","volume":"172","author":"C Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin C, Fricke D, Vijayashanthar A et al (2018) Recovery from behavior and developmental effects of chronic oral methylphenidate following an abstinence period. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 172:22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PBB.2018.07.001","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"6859_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.01.001","volume":"36","author":"V Mavanji","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mavanji V, Billington CJ, Kotz M, Teske C JA (2012) Sleep and obesity: A focus on animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:1015\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.01.001","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"6859_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/SLEEP\/30.1.52","volume":"30","author":"JG McCoy","year":"2007","unstructured":"McCoy JG, Tartar JL, Bebis AC et al (2007) Experimental sleep fragmentation impairs attentional set-shifting in rats. Sleep 30:52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/SLEEP\/30.1.52","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6859_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McNamara CG, Davidson ES, Schenk S (1993) No Title. 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90532-X","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90532-X"},{"key":"6859_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/S00702-022-02526-0","volume":"129","author":"AC Medina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Medina AC, Kabani A, Reyes-Vasquez C, Dafny N (2022) Age differences to methylphenidate-NAc neuronal and behavioral recordings from freely behaving animals. J Neural Transm 129:1061\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00702-022-02526-0","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"6859_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Molcan L (2023) Time distributed data analysis by cosinor.online application. bioRxiv 805960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/805960","DOI":"10.1101\/805960"},{"key":"6859_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(03)00184-6","volume":"51","author":"LM O\u2019Brien","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien LM, Gozal D (2004) Neurocognitive dysfunction and sleep in children: from human to rodent. Pediatr Clin North Am 51:187\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-3955(03)00184-6","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"6859_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richer K, Hamilton J, Delis F et al (2022) Chronic treatment and abstinence from methylphenidate exposure dose-dependently changes glucose metabolism in the rat brain. Brain Res 1780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BRAINRES.2022.147799","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRES.2022.147799"},{"key":"6859_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.9.1.59","volume":"9","author":"CR Rush","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rush CR, Baker RW (2001) Behavioral Pharmacological similarities between methylphenidate and cocaine in cocaine abusers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 9:59\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1064-1297.9.1.59","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6859_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35066-9","volume":"291","author":"DS Segal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Segal DS, Kuczenski R (1999) Escalating dose-binge treatment with methylphenidate: role of serotonin in the emergent behavioral profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:19\u201330","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"6859_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420160203","volume":"16","author":"LP Spear","year":"1983","unstructured":"Spear LP, Brake SC (1983) Periadolescence: Age-dependent behavior and psychopharmacological responsivity in rats. Dev Psychobiol 16:83\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.420160203","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"6859_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0130-0","volume":"9","author":"MA Stein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stein MA, Weiss M, Hlavaty L (2012) ADHD treatments, sleep, and sleep problems: complex associations. Neurotherapeutics 9:509\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13311-012-0130-0","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"6859_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h5203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5203","volume":"351","author":"OJ Storeb\u00f8","year":"2015","unstructured":"Storeb\u00f8 OJ, Krogh HB, Ramstad E et al (2015) Methylphenidate for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 351:h5203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h5203","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6859_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Storeb\u00f8 OJ, Storm MRO, Pereira Ribeiro J et al (2023) Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009885.PUB3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009885.PUB3"},{"key":"6859_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426189","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1426189","volume":"18","author":"KM Swift","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swift KM, Gary NC, Urbanczyk PJ (2024) On the basis of sex and sleep: the influence of the estrous cycle and sex on sleep-wake behavior. Front Neurosci 18:1426189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1426189","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6859_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2221-7","volume":"181","author":"A Torres-Rever\u00f3n","year":"2005","unstructured":"Torres-Rever\u00f3n A, Dow-Edwards DL (2005) Repeated administration of methylphenidate in young, adolescent, and mature rats affects the response to cocaine later in adulthood. Psychopharmacology 181:38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-005-2221-7","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"6859_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/S00702-013-1063-4","volume":"120","author":"T Trinh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trinh T, Kohllepin S, Yang PB et al (2013) Adult female rats altered diurnal locomotor activity pattern following chronic methylphenidate treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 120:1717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00702-013-1063-4","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"6859_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712455504","volume":"19","author":"KR Urban","year":"2015","unstructured":"Urban KR, Gao WJ (2015) Evolution of the study of methylphenidate and its actions on the adult versus juvenile brain. J Atten Disord 19:603\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054712455504","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"6859_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.018","volume":"72","author":"KR Urban","year":"2012","unstructured":"Urban KR, Waterhouse BD, Gao WJ (2012) Distinct age-dependent effects of methylphenidate on developing and adult prefrontal neurons. Biol Psychiatry 72:880\u2013888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6859_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/FNANA.2010.00145","volume":"4","author":"R Vetrivelan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vetrivelan R, Qiu MH, Chang C, Lu J (2010) Role of basal ganglia in sleep-wake regulation: neural circuitry and clinical significance. Front Neuroanat 4:145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FNANA.2010.00145","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"6859_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BRAINRESBULL.2006.09.019","volume":"71","author":"PB Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang PB, Swann AC, Dafny N (2006) Acute and chronic methylphenidate dose-response assessment on three adolescent male rat strains. Brain Res Bull 71:301\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BRAINRESBULL.2006.09.019","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"6859_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.034","volume":"218","author":"PB Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang PB, Cuellar DO, Swann AC, Dafny N (2011) Age and genetic strain differences in response to chronic methylphenidate administration. Behav Brain Res 218:206\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.11.034","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6859_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zanettini C, Scaglione A, Keighron JD et al (2019) Pharmacological classification of centrally acting drugs using EEG in freely moving rats: an old tool to identify new atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors. Neuropharmacology 161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUROPHARM.2018.11.034","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROPHARM.2018.11.034"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06859-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06859-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06859-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:02:12Z","timestamp":1773255732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06859-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["6859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06859-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were approved by the California State University, San Bernardino Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were carried out in accordance with all relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}