{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:16:18Z","timestamp":1786979778198,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015666","name":"Ministry of Transportation of Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06863-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T09:03:35Z","timestamp":1754039015000},"page":"581-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of naturalistic doses of cannabis edibles on cognition and association with blood THC"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Di Ciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampson","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Kaduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kruti","family":"Bhakta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6406-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Brands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"6863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0927","volume":"77","author":"LC Bidwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bidwell LC, Ellingson JM, Karoly HC, YorkWilliams SL, Hitchcock LN, Tracy BL, Klawitter J, Sempio C, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE (2020) Association of naturalistic administration of cannabis flower and concentrates with intoxication and impairment. JAMA Psychiat 77(8):787\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0927","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"2","key":"6863_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-06007-2","volume":"239","author":"LC Bidwell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bidwell LC, Karoly HC, Torres MO, Master A, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE (2022) A naturalistic study of orally administered vs. inhaled legal market cannabis: cannabinoids exposure, intoxication, and impairment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 239(2):385\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-021-06007-2","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"6863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0187","author":"LC Bidwell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bidwell LC, Martin-Willett R, Skrzynski C, Lisano J, Ortiz Torres M, Giordano G, Hutchison KE, Bryan AD (2024) Acute and extended anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol in cannabis flower: a quasi-experimental ad libitum use study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2023.0187","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"6863_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017","volume":"177","author":"JT Borodovsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borodovsky JT, Lee DC, Crosier BS, Gabrielli JL, Sargent JD, Budney AJ (2017) U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug Alcohol Depend 177:299\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"6863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596601","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.596601","volume":"12","author":"J Bourque","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bourque J, Potvin S (2021) Cannabis and cognitive functioning: from acute to residual effects, from randomized controlled trials to prospective designs. Front Psychiatry 12:596601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.596601","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"6863_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107641","volume":"205","author":"B Brands","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brands B, Mann RE, Wickens CM, Sproule B, Stoduto G, Sayer GS, Burston J, Pan JF, Matheson J, Stefan C, George TP, Huestis MA, Rehm J, Le Foll B (2019) Acute and residual effects of smoked cannabis: Impact on driving speed and lateral control, heart rate, and self-reported drug effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 205:107641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107641","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"6863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.002","volume":"79","author":"SJ Broyd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broyd SJ, van Hell HH, Beale C, Yucel M, Solowij N (2016) Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition-a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry 79(7):557\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6863_CR8","unstructured":"Canada H (2023)\u00a0Canadian Cannabis Survey. Retrieved May 16, 2023 from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/drugs-medication\/cannabis\/research-data\/canadian-cannabis-survey-2023-summary.html#s2-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"6863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8030040","volume":"8","author":"K Cohen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cohen K, Weinstein A (2018) The effects of cannabinoids on executive functions: Evidence from cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids-a systematic review. Brain Sci 8(3):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci8030040","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa","volume":"5","author":"RD Crean","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crean RD, Crane NA, Mason BJ (2011) An evidence based review of acute and long-term effects of cannabis use on executive cognitive functions. J Addict Med 5(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","volume":"13","author":"S Cuschieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuschieri S (2019) The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth 13(Suppl 1):S31\u2013S34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"6863_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178194","volume":"12","author":"C Cuttler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cuttler C, Spradlin A (2017) Measuring cannabis consumption: psychometric properties of the Daily Sessions, Frequency, Age of Onset, and Quantity of Cannabis Use Inventory (DFAQ-CU). PLoS ONE 12(5):e0178194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178194","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93198-5","volume":"11","author":"C Cuttler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuttler C, LaFrance EM, Stueber A (2021) Acute effects of high-potency cannabis flower and cannabis concentrates on everyday life memory and decision making. Sci Rep 11(1):13784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-93198-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35217-1","volume":"13","author":"C Cuttler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cuttler C, Petrucci AS, LaFrance EM (2023) Cognitive test performance in chronic cannabis flower users, concentrate users, and non-users. Sci Rep 13(1):8068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-35217-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"6863_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15764","volume":"117","author":"L Dellazizzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Giguere S, Dumais A (2022) Evidence on the acute and residual neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in adolescents and adults: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses. Addiction 117(7):1857\u20131870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15764","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"6863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0187","volume":"8","author":"P Di Ciano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Ciano P, Brands B, Fares A, Wright M, Stoduto G, Byrne P, McGrath M, Hasan OSM, Le Foll B, Wickens CM (2023) The utility of THC cutoff levels in blood and saliva for detection of impaired driving. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 8(3):408\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2022.0187","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"6863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05773-3","volume":"239","author":"A Fares","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fares A, Wickens CM, Mann RE, Di Ciano P, Wright M, Matheson J, Hasan OSM, Rehm J, George TP, Samokhvalov AV, Shuper PA, Huestis MA, Stoduto G, Brown T, Stefan C, Rubin-Kahana DS, Le Foll B, Brands B (2022) Combined effect of alcohol and cannabis on simulated driving. Psychopharmacology 239(5):1263\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05773-3","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"6863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.014","volume":"108","author":"PR Figueiredo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Figueiredo PR, Tolomeo S, Steele JD, Baldacchino A (2020) Neurocognitive consequences of chronic cannabis use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 108:358\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"6863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad054","volume":"69","author":"RL Fitzgerald","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fitzgerald RL, Umlauf A, Hubbard JA, Hoffman MA, Sobolesky PM, Ellis SE, Grelotti DJ, Suhandynata RT, Huestis MA, Grant I, Marcotte TD (2023) Driving under the influence of cannabis: impact of combining toxicology testing with field sobriety tests. Clin Chem 69(7):724\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad054","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"6863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9316-2","volume":"26","author":"F Ganzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ganzer F, Broning S, Kraft S, Sack PM, Thomasius R (2016) Weighing the evidence: a systematic review on long-term neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in abstinent adolescents and adults. Neuropsychol Rev 26(2):186\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-016-9316-2","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"6863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026206927686","volume":"5","author":"KT Goode","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goode KT, Ball KK, Sloane M, Roenker DL, Roth DL, Myers RS, Owsley C (1998) Useful field of view and other neurocognitive indicators of crash risk in older adults. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 5:425\u2013440","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings"},{"key":"6863_CR22","unstructured":"Hammond D, Corsetti D, Goodman S, Iraniparast M, Hong D, Burkhalter R (2022) International cannabis policy study - United States 2021 Summary. In: Waterloo UO (ed)"},{"key":"6863_CR23","unstructured":"Hammond D, Corsetti D, Fataar F, Iraniparast M, Danh HD, Burkhalter R (2023) International cannabis policy study - Canada 2022 Summary"},{"issue":"2","key":"6863_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne JI, Gonzalez N, Conde JG (2009) Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing thranslational reseacr informatics support. J Biomed Inform 42(2):377\u2013381","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"6863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0048","volume":"7","author":"HC Karoly","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karoly HC, Milburn MA, Brooks-Russell A, Brown M, Streufert J, Bryan AD, Lovrich NP, DeJong W, Cinnamon Bidwell L (2022) Effects of high-potency cannabis on psychomotor performance in frequent cannabis users. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 7(1):107\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2020.0048","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000615","volume":"34","author":"DJ Krzyzanowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krzyzanowski DJ, Purdon SE (2020) Duration of abstinence from cannabis is positively associated with verbal learning performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology 34(3):359\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000615","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000326","volume":"28","author":"ME Lovell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lovell ME, Akhurst J, Padgett C, Garry MI, Matthews A (2020) Cognitive outcomes associated with long-term, regular, recreational cannabis use in adults: A meta-analysis. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 28(4):471\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pha0000326","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"6863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4037","author":"TD Marcotte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marcotte TD, Umlauf A, Grelotti DJ, Sones EG, Sobolesky PM, Smith BE, Hoffman MA, Hubbard JA, Severson J, Huestis MA, Grant I, Fitzgerald RL (2022) Driving performance and cannabis users\u2019 perception of safety: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4037","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"6863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172937","volume":"194","author":"J Matheson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matheson J, Mann RE, Sproule B, Huestis MA, Wickens CM, Stoduto G, George TP, Rehm J, Le Foll B, Brands B (2020) Acute and residual mood and cognitive performance of young adults following smoked cannabis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 194:172937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172937","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"6863_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheson J, Le Foll B (2023) Acute and chronic impact of cannabis on human cognition. In: C. R. Martin, Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (Ed.), Cannabis Use, Neurobiology, Psychology, and Treatment. Academic Press","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89862-1.00004-0"},{"key":"6863_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2023.100136","volume":"6","author":"CP Maynard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maynard CP, Schwartz J (2023) Cannabis vaping among high school seniors in adult-use, medical, and prohibited legal contexts. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 6:100136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2023.100136","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"key":"6863_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003","volume":"126","author":"D McCartney","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCartney D, Arkell TR, Irwin C, McGregor IS (2021) Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 126:175\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"6863_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.004","volume":"134","author":"D McCartney","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCartney D, Arkell TR, Irwin C, Kevin RC, McGregor IS (2022) Are blood and oral fluid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and metabolite concentrations related to impairment? A meta-regression analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 134:104433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"6863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203313","volume":"14","author":"DR McLeod","year":"1982","unstructured":"McLeod DR, Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Yingling J (1982) An automated version of the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). Behav Res Methods Instrum 14:463\u2013466","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum"},{"issue":"5","key":"6863_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050590","volume":"11","author":"RL Mueller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mueller RL, Ellingson JM, Bidwell LC, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE (2021) Are the acute effects of THC different in aging adults? Brain Sci 11(5):590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11050590","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"6863_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265371","volume":"63","author":"MN Newmeyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Newmeyer MN, Swortwood MJ, Andersson M, Abulseoud OA, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA (2017) Cannabis edibles: blood and oral fluid cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and evaluation of oral fluid screening devices for predicting delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in blood and oral fluid following cannabis brownie administration. Clin Chem 63(3):647\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2016.265371","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"6863_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07472","volume":"69","author":"H Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng H, Shahidi F (2021) Cannabis and cannabis edibles: a review. J Agric Food Chem 69(6):1751\u20131774. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07472","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"6863_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin-Kahana DS, Butler K, Hassan AN, Sanches M, Le Foll B (2024) Cannabis use characteristics associated with self-reported cognitive function in a nationally representative U.S. sample. Substance Use and Misuse, in press","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2340975"},{"key":"6863_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969","volume":"211","author":"NJ Schlienz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlienz NJ, Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Herrmann ES, Bigelow GE, Mitchell JM, Flegel R, LoDico C, Vandrey R (2020) Pharmacodynamic dose effects of oral cannabis ingestion in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis. Drug Alcohol Depend 211:107969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"6863_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335","volume":"75","author":"JC Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott JC, Slomiak ST, Jones JD, Rosen AFG, Moore TM, Gur RC (2018) Association of cannabis with cognitive functioning in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat 75(6):585\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"6863_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.13.3.348.1749","volume":"13","author":"AM Shapiro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shapiro AM, Benedict RH, Schretlen D, Brandt J (1999) Construct and concurrent validity of the Hopkins verbal learning test-revised. Clin Neuropsychol 13(3):348\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/clin.13.3.348.1749","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6863_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838","volume":"1","author":"N Solowij","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solowij N (2018) Peering through the haze of smoked vs vaporized cannabis-to vape or not to vape? JAMA Netw Open 1(7):e184838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4838","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"6863_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa067","author":"TR Spindle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Herrmann ES, Mitchell JM, Flegel R, LoDico C, Bigelow GE, Vandrey R (2020) Pharmacokinetics of cannabis brownies: a controlled examination of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and metabolites in blood and oral fluid of healthy adult males and females. J Anal Toxicol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkaa067","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6863_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211021583","volume":"35","author":"TR Spindle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spindle TR, Martin EL, Grabenauer M, Woodward T, Milburn MA, Vandrey R (2021) Assessment of cognitive and psychomotor impairment, subjective effects, and blood THC concentrations following acute administration of oral and vaporized cannabis. J Psychopharmacol 35(7):786\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811211021583","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6863_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2022.2125466","volume":"55","author":"M St Pierre","year":"2023","unstructured":"St Pierre M, Daniels S, Sanchez TA, Holtzman S, Russo EB, Walsh Z (2023) The Naturalistic Cannabis Administration Protocol (NCAP): a proof-of-concept study. J Psychoactive Drugs 55(4):389\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2022.2125466","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"6863_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111330","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1111330","volume":"14","author":"F Tassone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tassone F, Di Ciano P, Liu E, Rueda S (2023) On offer to consumers three years after legalization: A profile of cannabis products, cannabinoid content, plant type, and prices. Front Psychiatry 14:1111330","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"6863_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx012","volume":"41","author":"R Vandrey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandrey R, Herrmann ES, Mitchell JM, Bigelow GE, Flegel R, LoDico C, Cone EJ (2017) Pharmacokinetic profile of oral cannabis in humans: blood and oral fluid disposition and relation to pharmacodynamic outcomes. J Anal Toxicol 41(2):83\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkx012","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6863_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000356753","volume":"60","author":"JM Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wood JM, Owsley C (2014) Useful field of view test. Gerontology 60(4):315\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000356753","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6863_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-024-00234-y","volume":"6","author":"S Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao S, Brands B, Kaduri P, Wickens CM, Hasan OSM, Chen S, Le Foll B, Di Ciano P (2024) The effect of cannabis edibles on driving and blood THC. J Cannabis Res 6(1):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-024-00234-y","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"6863_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110063","volume":"104","author":"S Zhornitsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhornitsky S, Pelletier J, Assaf R, Giroux S, Li CR, Potvin S (2021) Acute effects of partial CB1 receptor agonists on cognition - A meta-analysis of human studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110063","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"6863_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.191305","volume":"192","author":"JS Zipursky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zipursky JS, Bogler OD, Stall NM (2020) Edible cannabis. CMAJ 192(7):E162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.191305","journal-title":"CMAJ"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06863-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06863-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06863-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T06:56:14Z","timestamp":1773212174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06863-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["6863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06863-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Ethics Board (#042\/2021) and the Health Canada Research Ethics Board (#2020-043H).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No other authors have any conflicts to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}