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To assess specificity, patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at the same center were also studied. Depression was quantified using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (Self-Report) (QIDS-SR), And alcohol use was quantified using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test question 3 (AUDIT-3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 225 patients evaluated for ketamine, 178 completed the AUDIT-3 And completed the initial course of three treatments. Of 2577 that received ECT, 1851 received at least 10 treatments. Across both groups, patients were between age 16 And 90. With ketamine, history of past-year episodic heavy drinking was associated with greater improvement in QIDS-SR with a significant Group x Time interaction after the first three treatments (F(12,502)\u2009=\u20092.25, p\u2009=\u20090.0089), four treatments (F(16,632)\u2009=\u20092.56, p\u2009=\u20090.0007), and five treatments (F(20,757)\u2009=\u20092.22, p\u2009=\u20090.0016). This effect was not seen with ECT after 5 treatments (F(4,2283)\u2009=\u20090.91, p\u2009=\u20090.46), 10 treatments (F(8,3939)\u2009=\u20091.63, p\u2009=\u20090.11), or 20 treatments (F(16,7154)\u2009=\u20091.50, p\u2009=\u20090.09). There was An interaction after 15 treatments (F(12,5113)\u2009=\u20091.93, p\u2009=\u20090.027), although this did not survive multiple comparisons correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with trMDD, history of episodic heavy drinking predicted antidepressant effectiveness of ketamine, but not ECT. These results may assist in patient selection for ECT vs. ketamine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06918-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T07:10:34Z","timestamp":1759907434000},"page":"1693-1699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["History of episodic heavy alcohol use predicts antidepressant effectiveness of ketamine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4001-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaishah R.","family":"Raquib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Sedgewick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Seiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan H.","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Meisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"6918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302399","volume":"388","author":"A Anand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anand A, Mathew SJ, Sanacora G et al (2023) Ketamine versus ECT for nonpsychotic treatment-resistant major depression. 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