{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:59:38Z","timestamp":1790200778696,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QCNJ GR030753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QCNJ GR030753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06948-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:07:45Z","timestamp":1761559665000},"page":"2043-2054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personality profiles and trauma history in ketamine therapy for mood and anxiety disorders: A latent profile analysis of short-term outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6782-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Gregoire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1951-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan","family":"Klukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6974-787X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Kaseweter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Francois","family":"Louw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"6948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090452","volume":"19","author":"S Akogul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akogul S, Erisoglu M (2017) An approach for determining the number of clusters in a model-based cluster analysis. Entropy 19(9):Article452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e19090452","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"3","key":"6948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11634","volume":"79","author":"CS Albott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albott CS, Lim KO, Forbes MK, Erbes CR, Tye SJ, Grabowski JG, Rusch HL (2018) Efficacy of repeated ketamine infusions in comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 79(3):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.17m11634","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300104","volume":"53","author":"RM Bagby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bagby RM, Quilty LC, Ryder AC (2008) Personality and depression. Can J Psychiatry 53(1):14\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674370805300104","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6948_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.11.025","volume":"139","author":"U Bara\u0144czuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bara\u0144czuk U (2019) The five-factor model of personality and emotion regulation: a meta-analysis. Pers Individ Differ 139:217\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2018.11.025","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"issue":"2","key":"6948_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpr.2016.12.005","volume":"23","author":"J Browne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Browne J, Thompson C, Wyatt R (2017) Measuring quality of life for public health policy and practice. Public Health Pract 23(2):45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phpr.2016.12.005","journal-title":"Public Health Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"6948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181987536","volume":"17","author":"A Canuto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Canuto A, Giannakopoulos P, Meiler-Mititelu C, Delaloye C, Herrmann FR, Weber K (2009) Personality traits influence clinical outcome in day hospital-treated elderly depressed patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17(4):335\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181987536","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"6948_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2024.102857","volume":"103","author":"HTS Chiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chiu HTS, Low DCW, Chan AHT, Meiser-Stedman R (2024) Relationship between anxiety sensitivity and post-traumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed adults: a meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 103:102857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2024.102857","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"6948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.074","volume":"263","author":"MC Christensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christensen MC, Florea I, Loft H, McIntyre RS (2020) Efficacy of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder reporting childhood or recent trauma. J Affect Disord 263:258\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.074","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"6948_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120936486","volume":"34","author":"O Dale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dale O, Sommerseth H, Ladefoged K (2020) Personality traits and sustained response to ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: A prospective cohort study. J Psychopharmacol 34(11):1290\u20131299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881120936486","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6948_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.25318\/82-003-x202001200002-eng","volume":"31","author":"KG Dobson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobson KG, Vigod SN, Mustard C, Smith PM (2020) Trends in the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among working-age Canadian adults between 2000 and 2016. Health Rep 31(12):12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25318\/82-003-x202001200002-eng","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0276-6","volume":"25","author":"RS Duman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duman RS, Aghajanian GK, Sanacora G, Krystal JH (2019) Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants. Nat Med 25(1):28\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0276-6","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6948_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.62","volume":"71","author":"A Feder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, Perez AM, Morgan JE, Saxena S et al (2014) Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatr 71(6):681\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.62","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050596","volume":"178","author":"A Feder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feder A, Costi S, Rutter SB, Collins AB, Govindarajulu U, Jha MK, Horn Sarah R., Kautz Marin, Corniquel Morgan, Collins Katherine A., Bevilacqua Laura, Glasgow Andrew M., Brallier Jess, Pietrzak Robert H., Murrough James W., Charney Dennis S. (2021) A randomized controlled trial of repeated ketamine administration for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 178(3):193\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20050596","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6948_CR14","unstructured":"Goldberg LR (1999) A broad-bandwidth, public domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In: Mervielde I, Deary I, De Fruyt F, Ostendorf F (eds) Personality psychology in Europe. Tilburg University, pp 7\u201328"},{"issue":"8","key":"6948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117714220","volume":"31","author":"M Grabski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grabski M, McAndrew A, Lawn W, Marsh B, Raymen L, Hindocha C, Morgan CJ (2017) The role of ketamine in treating generalized anxiety disorder: A review of its efficacy and mechanisms. J Psychopharmacol 31(8):1018\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881117714220","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"6948_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.10.022","volume":"196","author":"DF Gros","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gros DF, Price M, Magruder KM, Frueh BC (2012) Symptom overlap in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Psychiatry Res 196(2\u20133):267\u2013270","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"6948_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","volume":"167","author":"T Insel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, Heinssen R, Pine DS, Quinn K, Sanislow C, Wang P (2010) Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry 167(7):748\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"6948_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005588","volume":"27","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Davis CG, Kendler KS (1997) Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the U.S. national comorbidity survey. Psychol Med 27(5):1101\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291797005588","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021466","volume":"137","author":"S Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim S, Thibodeau R, Jorgensen RS (2017) Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 137(1):68\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021466","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.05.075","volume":"151","author":"AML Koorevaar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koorevaar AML, Comijs HC, Dhondt ADF, van Marwijk HWJ, van der Mast RC, Naarding P et al (2013) Big five personality and depression diagnosis, severity and age of onset in older adults. J Affect Disord 151(1):178\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2013.05.075","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"6948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020327","volume":"136","author":"R Kotov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D (2010) Linking big personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 136(5):768\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020327","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"9","key":"6948_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","volume":"32","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL (2002) The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann 32(9):509\u2013515","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"issue":"9","key":"6948_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16(9):606\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"6948_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.005","volume":"80","author":"JH Krystal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Abdallah CG, Sanacora G, Charney DS, Duman RS (2013) Ketamine: A paradigm shift for depression research and treatment. Neuron 80(4):785\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"6948_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2190\/4FM9-T915-L7E3-EFMX","volume":"33","author":"AJ Lang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lang AJ (2003) Brief intervention for co-occurring anxiety and depression in primary care: a pilot study. Int J Psychiatry Med 33(2):141\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2190\/4FM9-T915-L7E3-EFMX","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"6948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.28.3.02","volume":"28","author":"KL Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim KL, Jacobs P, Ohinmaa A, Dewa C (2008) A new population-based measure of the economic burden of mental illness in Canada. Chron Dis Can 28:92\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.28.3.02","journal-title":"Chron Dis Can"},{"issue":"3","key":"6948_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.3.323","volume":"11","author":"GH Lubke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lubke GH, Neale MC (2006) Distinguishing between latent classes and continuous factors: resolution of classification depends on the quality of measurements. Psychol Methods 11(3):323\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.11.3.323","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"6948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.061","volume":"288","author":"KA Lyon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lyon KA, Elliott R, Ware K, Juhasz G, Brown LJE (2021) Associations between facets and aspects of big five personality and affective disorders: a systematic review and best evidence synthesis. J Affect Disord 288:175\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.061","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"6948_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2019.1677865","volume":"21","author":"WS Marcantoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marcantoni WS, Akoumba BS, Wassef M, Mayrand J, Lai H, Richard-Devantoy S, Beauchamp S (2020) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of ketamine as an antidepressant. World J Biol Psychiatry 21(6):402\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15622975.2019.1677865","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"6948_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000832","volume":"77","author":"DS Menefee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menefee DS, Hayslip B, Lamb P (2022) Emotion regulation: implications for psychological health and resilience. Am Psychol 77(3):256\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000832","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6948_CR31","first-page":"247","volume":"100","author":"JD Miller","year":"1991","unstructured":"Miller JD (1991) Vulnerable personality profiles in mental illness. J Abnorm Psychol 100(3):247\u2013259","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6948_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000223","volume":"28","author":"E Monson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monson E, Lonergan M, Caron J, Brunet A (2016) Assessing trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: single, open-ended question versus list-based inventory. Psychol Assess 28(8):1001\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000223","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"6948_CR33","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (2024) NHS talking therapies for anxiety and depression manual"},{"issue":"14","key":"6948_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.495863","volume":"11","author":"I Noppers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Noppers I, Niesters M, Aarts L, Smith T, Sarton E, Dahan A (2010) Ketamine for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(14):2417\u20132429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14656566.2010.495863","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004185","volume":"129","author":"V Orhurhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Orhurhu V, Orhurhu MS, Bhatia A, Cohen SP (2019) Ketamine infusions for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 129(1):241\u2013254","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"6948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.37.2.04","volume":"37","author":"L Pelletier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pelletier L, O\u2019Donnell S, McRae L, Grenier J (2017) The burden of generalized anxiety disorder in Canada. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 37(2):54\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.37.2.04","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"6948_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","volume":"39","author":"F Plummer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, McMillan D (2016) Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 39:24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"6948_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-7","volume":"9","author":"B Roberts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roberts B, Damundu EY, Lomoro O, Sondorp E (2009) Post-conflict mental health needs: A cross-sectional survey of trauma, depression and associated factors in Juba, Southern Sudan. BMC Psychiatry 9(7):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-9-7","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12921","volume":"15","author":"O Santesteban-Echarri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santesteban-Echarri O, MacQueen G, Goldstein BI, Wang J, Kennedy SH, Bray S et al (2021) Personality and risk for serious mental illness. Early Interv Psychiatry 15(1):133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.12921","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiatry"},{"issue":"25","key":"6948_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1612499","volume":"376","author":"A Shalev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shalev A, Liberzon I, Marmar C (2017) Post-traumatic stress disorder. N Engl J Med 376(25):2459\u20132469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1612499","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6948_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9724371","volume":"2017","author":"J Sheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sheng J, Liu S, Wang Y, Cui R, Zhang X (2017) The link between depression and chronic pain: neural mechanisms in the brain. Neural Plast 2017:9724371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/9724371","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"10","key":"6948_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B (2006) A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 166(10):1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"6948_CR44","unstructured":"Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS (2019) Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson"},{"issue":"4","key":"6948_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.824781","volume":"20","author":"JY Tein","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tein JY, Coxe S, Cham H (2013) Statistical power to detect the correct number of classes in latent profile analysis. Struct Equ Modeling 20(4):640\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2013.824781","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"issue":"10","key":"6948_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22825","volume":"35","author":"J Thompson-Hollands","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson-Hollands J, Marx BP, Lee DJ, Resick PA, Sloan DM (2018) Long\u2010term treatment gains of a brief exposure\u2010based treatment for PTSD. Depress Anxiety 35(10):985\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22825","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"6948_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-019-00168-3","volume":"6","author":"J Thompson-Hollands","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thompson-Hollands J, Marx BP, Sloan DM (2019) Brief novel therapies for PTSD: written exposure therapy. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry 6(2):99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40501-019-00168-3","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"6948_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1246","volume":"8","author":"KJ Wardenaar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wardenaar KJ, Jeronimus BF, Ormel J (2014) Vulnerable personality traits and mental health. Personality Mental Health 8(2):81\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmh.1246","journal-title":"Personality Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6948_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045207","volume":"13","author":"TA Widiger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Widiger TA, Oltmanns JR (2017) Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with specific relevance to anxiety and mood disorders. Ann Rev Clin Psychol 13(1):161\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045207","journal-title":"Ann Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"6948_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.03.015","volume":"236","author":"ST Wilkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilkinson ST, Toprak M, Turner MS et al (2018) Ketamine maintenance for treatment-resistant depression: A case series. J Affect Disord 236:400\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.03.015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"6948_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291798006667","volume":"28","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1998) Development of the world health organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med 28(3):551\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291798006667","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"6948_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.856","volume":"63","author":"CA Zarate","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zarate CA, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Luckenbaugh DA (2006) A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(8):856\u2013864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.63.8.856","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"6948_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2009.45590147","volume":"23","author":"MJ Zyphur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zyphur MJ (2009) When mindsets collide: switching analytical mindsets to advance organizational science. Acad Manage Perspect 23(4):6\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amp.2009.45590147","journal-title":"Acad Manage Perspect"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06948-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06948-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06948-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:01:35Z","timestamp":1790197295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06948-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-025-06948-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus Behavioural Research Ethics Board (BREB) [H23-02976]. All data used in this study were deidentified and obtained as part of a secondary data analysis from routine clinical care.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed to the submission and publication of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish\u00a0","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"One co-author, WFL, is the Research & Innovation Lead at the ketamine clinic where patient data was collected for this study. We confirm that WFL did not collect any raw data, nor did they participate in the analysis of data used in this publication. This role is disclosed in the interest of full transparency. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}