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Inflammation may be a sex-dependent link between ELS and alcohol use; however, there is limited evidence to support such an association in individuals with AUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This secondary analysis utilized cross-sectional mediation to investigate the role of peripheral inflammation in the relationship between ELS and alcohol consumption (i.e., drinks per drinking day (DPDD)) in treatment-seeking individuals with AUD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200999; 60\u00a0M\/39 F). A cross-sectional moderated mediation analysis was conducted to test sex as a moderator in the link between ELS and inflammation for the above relationship. ELS was conceptualized as a dichotomous \u201cno-moderate ELS\u201d vs. \u201chigh-ELS\u201d predictor.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      High-ELS was associated with higher inflammation (95%CI 0.039,1.558), and higher inflammation was associated with greater DPDD\n                      <jats:italic>(<\/jats:italic>\n                      95%CI 0.024,0.098). A mediation effect emerged where high-ELS influenced greater DPDD through elevated inflammation (\n                      <jats:italic>ab<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044, 95%CI 0.002,0.113). No direct effects between ELS and DPDD emerged (95%CI -0.177,0.108). The interaction between ELS and sex on inflammation was significant for females (95%CI: 0.304,2.719) but not males (95%CI: -0.634,1.270). The mediation relationship between ELS and DPDD through inflammation was significant for females (\n                      <jats:italic>ab(female)<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.087, 95%CI: 0.013,0.199) but not males (95%CI: -0.040,0.086).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that ELS is associated with recent alcohol use through peripheral inflammation in treatment-seeking individuals with AUD and indicate that this pathway is sex-dependent. Inflammation may be a treatment target for individuals with AUD who have experienced ELS, especially females. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT03594435, registered July 11, 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07009-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T08:12:44Z","timestamp":1769587964000},"page":"2555-2566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peripheral inflammation mediates the relationship between early life stress and alcohol use"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin R.","family":"McManus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Enders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan E.","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malia","family":"Belnap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica N.","family":"Grodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara A.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7009_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-009-9185-z","volume":"5","author":"RN Achur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Achur RN, Freeman WM, Vrana KE (2010) Circulating cytokines as biomarkers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. 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