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We investigated these neurotransmitter systems as proximate mechanisms for \u201cwanting\u201d and \u201cliking\u201d behaviours in domesticated pigs. Additionally, there is a significant knowledge gap on the optimal dosage for the dopamine D2\/D3 receptor antagonist amisulpride and mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We administered amisulpride orally and naloxone intranasally at three dosage levels to 30 female pigs using a within-subject design. Each treatment (drug\u2009\u00d7\u2009dose level) was administered prior to 10-min interaction sessions with a familiar human.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both the high doses of amisulpride (800\u00a0mg) and naloxone (80\u00a0mg\/ml) significantly increased pigs\u2019 latency to first contact with the human compared to pre-test, suggesting both systems modulate the motivation (\u201cwanting\u201d) to interact. However, neither influenced the time pigs spent in contact with the human, contrary to our prediction that blocking opioids would decrease this behaviour as an indicator of the pleasurability (\u201cliking\u201d) of the interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These altered reward-related behaviours along with the absence of side-effects are the first indicators for the safe and effective use of amisulpride and naloxone to non-invasively study reward mechanisms in domesticated animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07015-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T01:41:00Z","timestamp":1769132460000},"page":"2577-2587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring wanting and liking during positive human-animal interactions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oceane","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"Buisman-Pijlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Oczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Loup","family":"Rault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"7015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111080","volume":"134","author":"CDO Alves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alves CDO, Waku I, Chiossi JN, De Oliveira AR (2024) Dopamine D2-like receptors on conditioned and unconditioned fear: a systematic review of rodent pharmacological studies. 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All methods were carried out in accordance with Good Scientific Practice guidelines, national legislation, and are reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. We only had one person acting as the interacting person with the pigs (S.T.), who was blinded to the treatments until after each HAI session.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}