{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:46:22Z","timestamp":1791927982569,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000874","name":"Brain and Behavior Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antipsychotic efficacy in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is commonly evaluated using static measures that fail to capture the dynamic evolution of symptoms and the unfolding impact of treatment over time. Network intervention analysis (NIA) is a novel approach that models pharmacological treatments as active nodes within longitudinal symptom networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof-of-concept study aimed to contrast the information about antipsychotic-symptom interactions provided using NIA with that using a simple time-based analysis of symptom progression. We hypothesised that while overall symptom improvement would be similar across pharmacological profiles, the symptom decoupling patterns (connection density) extracted from NIA would differ significantly. We also hypothesised that the rate of change for the decoupling would be significantly dissociated from the rate of change for the clinical symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with SSD underwent weekly symptom evaluation over six weeks. NIA was used to characterise the evolving impact of treatment with three distinct drug classes: muscarinic, serotonergic\/dopaminergic, and adrenergic\/low dopaminergic. Standardised slopes from NIA density regression models and symptom mixed-effect models were directly compared using a robust non-parametric bootstrap procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NIA density analysis showed a significant time*group interaction, (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016) which was not observed in symptom severity trajectories. The slope for density reduction was steeper than the slope for symptom severity reduction (\u0394\u03b2\u0302=0.426,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). For each receptor profile class, the treatment node within the NIA demonstrated distinct patterns of association with symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the potential of NIA to capture the evolving interaction between antipsychotic classes and dynamic symptom trajectories in SSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07096-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T02:21:58Z","timestamp":1779675718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dissociation between the dynamics of symptom scores and network metrics in psychosis treatment: a proof-of-concept study using network intervention analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Pierfrancesco","family":"Sarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cecere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Omlor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Edkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna M. C.","family":"Blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Homan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"7096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.040","volume":"67","author":"NC Andreasen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Andreasen NC, Pressler M, Nopoulos P, Miller D, Beng-Choon Ho (2010) Antipsychotic Dose Equivalents and Dose-Years: A Standardized Method for Comparing Exposure to Different Drugs. Biol Psychiatry 67(3):255\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.08.040","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1159\/000495045","volume":"88","author":"TF Blanken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blanken TF, Van Der Zweerde T, Van Straten A, Eus JW, Van Someren D, Borsboom, Jaap Lancee (2019) Introducing Network Intervention Analysis to Investigate Sequential, Symptom-Specific Treatment Effects: A Demonstration in Co-Occurring Insomnia and Depression. Psychother Psychosom 88(1):52\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000495045","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","volume":"16","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borsboom D (2017) A Network Theory of Mental Disorders. World Psychiatry 16(1):5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.20375","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn034","volume":"95","author":"J Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen J, and Zehua Chen (2008) Extended Bayesian Information Criteria for Model Selection with Large Model Spaces. Biometrika 95(3):759\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/asn034","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"12","key":"7096_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167490","volume":"11","author":"Ang\u00e9liqueOJ Cramer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cramer Ang\u00e9liqueOJ, Claudia D, van Borkulo EJ, Giltay et al (2016) Major Depression as a Complex Dynamic System. PLoS ONE 11(12):e0167490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0167490","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7096_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Borsboom D, Fried EI (2018) Estimating Psychological Networks and Their Stability. Behav Res Methods 50:195\u2013212","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"May","key":"7096_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","volume":"48","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp S, Cramer Ang\u00e9liqueOJ, Waldorp LJ, Schmittmann VD, and Denny Borsboom (2012) Qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data. J Stat Softw 48(May):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"March","key":"7096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104266","volume":"162","author":"JN Fishbein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fishbein JN, Haslbeck J, Joanna JA (2023) Network Intervention Analysis of Anxiety-Related Outcomes and Processes of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Anxious Cancer Survivors. Behav Res Ther 162(March):104266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104266","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05300-y","volume":"23","author":"C Guerrera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guerrera C, Savia GA, Platania FM, Boccaccio et al (2023) The Dynamic Interaction between Symptoms and Pharmacological Treatment in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: The Role of Network Intervention Analysis. BMC Psychiatry 23(1):885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-023-05300-y","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0910-x","volume":"50","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Waldorp LJ (2018) How Well Do Network Models Predict Observations? On the Importance of Predictability in Network Models. Behavior Res Methods (Germany) 50(2):853\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0910-x","journal-title":"Behavior Res Methods (Germany)"},{"issue":"April","key":"7096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v093.i08","volume":"93","author":"JMB Haslbeck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haslbeck JMB, Waldorp LJ (2020) Mgm: Estimating Time-Varying Mixed Graphical Models in High-Dimensional Data. J Stat Softw 93(April):1\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v093.i08","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1\u201302","key":"7096_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-116492","volume":"51","author":"C Hiemke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW et al (2018) Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry 51(1\u201302):9\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-116492","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"7096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20241040","volume":"182","author":"OD Howes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Howes OD, Bukala BR, Eric YH, Chen et al (2025) Relapse in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Criteria for Clinical Studies and International Consensus Guidelines to Improve Them. Am J Psychiatry 182(11):969\u2013983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.20241040","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10202","key":"7096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31135-3","volume":"394","author":"M Huhn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J et al (2019) Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of 32 Oral Antipsychotics for the Acute Treatment of Adults with Multi-Episode Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Lancet (London England) 394(10202):939\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31135-3","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"issue":"October","key":"7096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.07.005","volume":"87","author":"SH James","year":"2024","unstructured":"James SH, Ahmed AO, Harvey PD et al (2024) Network Intervention Analysis Indicates That Roluperidone Achieves Its Effect on Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia by Targeting Avolition. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 87(October):18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.07.005","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"7096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0301","volume":"64","author":"JM Kane","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kane JM, Leucht S, Carpenter D, Docherty JP, Expert Consensus Panel for Optimizing Pharmacologic Treatment of Psychotic Disorders (2003) The Expert Consensus Guideline Series. Optimizing Pharmacologic Treatment of Psychotic Disorders. Introduction: Methods, Commentary, and Summary. J Clin Psychiatry 64:5\u201319","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"7096_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076","volume":"77","author":"JM Kane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kane JM, Nina R, Schooler P, Marcy et al (2020) Effect of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics vs Usual Care on Time to First Hospitalization in Early-Phase Schizophrenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 77(12):1217\u20131224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2076","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987) The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13(2):261\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq059","volume":"37","author":"B Kirkpatrick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick B, Strauss GP, Linh Nguyen, et al (2011) The Brief Negative Symptom Scale: Psychometric Properties. Schizophr Bull 37(2):300\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbq059","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"June","key":"7096_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104100","volume":"153","author":"J Lancee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lancee J, Harvey AG, Morin CM, Ivers H, van der Zweerde T, Blanken TF (2022) Network Intervention Analyses of Cognitive Therapy and Behavior Therapy for Insomnia: Symptom Specific Effects and Process Measures. Behav Res Ther 153(June):104100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104100","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"7096_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010034","volume":"177","author":"S Leucht","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leucht S, Crippa A, Siafis S, Patel MX, Orsini N, and John M. Davis (2020) Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 177(4):342\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010034","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"7096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv037","volume":"41","author":"S Leucht","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leucht S, Samara M, Heres S et al (2015) Dose Equivalents for Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs: The Classical Mean Dose Method. Schizophr Bull 41(6):1397\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbv037","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu001","volume":"40","author":"S Leucht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leucht S, Samara M, Heres S, Patel MX, Scott W, Woods, Davis JM (2014) Dose Equivalents for Second-Generation Antipsychotics: The Minimum Effective Dose Method. Schizophr Bull 40(2):314\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbu001","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21089","volume":"22","author":"S Leucht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leucht S, Schneider-Thoma J, Burschinski A et al (2023) Long-Term Efficacy of Antipsychotic Drugs in Initially Acutely Ill Adults with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. World Psychiatry Jun 22(2):315\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wps.21089","journal-title":"World Psychiatry Jun"},{"issue":"ue 7","key":"7096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.04.004","volume":"94","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Paul J, Harrison OD, Howes PK, McGuire DM, Taylor (2023) and Toby Pillinger. \u2018Data-Driven Taxonomy for Antipsychotic Medication: A New Classification System\u2019. Biol Psychiatry 94(ue 7):561\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.04.004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"7096_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0502-5","volume":"26","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Pillinger T, Mizuno Y et al (2021) The Efficacy and Heterogeneity of Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis. Mol Psychiatry 26(4):1310\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0502-5","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00031-8","volume":"12","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2025","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Pillinger T, Varvari I et al (2025) INTEGRATE: International Guidelines for the Algorithmic Treatment of Schizophrenia. Lancet Psychiatry 12(5):384\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00031-8","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7096_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.13064","volume":"15","author":"A Monteleone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Monteleone A, Maria V, Cardi S, Ambwani et al (2021) Network Intervention Analysis to Assess the Trajectory of Change and Treatment Effects Associated with the Use of Online Guided Self-Help for Anorexia Nervosa. Early Interv Psychiat 15(5):1210\u20131216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eip.13064","journal-title":"Early Interv Psychiat"},{"key":"7096_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nasim R, Nawaz S, Nasim MT, Nasim R, Nawaz S, Md Talat N (2025) The Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs and Non-Pharmacological Therapies on Schizophrenia. Targets 3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/targets3010010","DOI":"10.3390\/targets3010010"},{"issue":"6","key":"7096_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab078","volume":"47","author":"MS Neumeier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neumeier MS, Homan S, Vetter S et al (2021) Examining Side Effect Variability of Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Variance. Schizophr Bull 47(6):1601\u20131610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbab078","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010042","volume":"165","author":"KH Nuechterlein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS et al (2008) The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, Part 1: Test Selection, Reliability, and Validity. Am J Psychiatry 165(2):203\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010042","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"7096_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Omlor W, Cecere G, Misra AR et al (2025) \u2018Goal-Directed Control in Schizophrenia: Loss-Biased Engagement of the Anterior Cingulate Relates to Negative-Symptom Outcomes\u2019. Preprint, medRxiv, November 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.07.02.25330758","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.02.25330758"},{"issue":"3","key":"7096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Overall JE, Gorham DR (1962) The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychol Rep 10(3):799\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"7096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001924","volume":"12","author":"TJ Raedler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raedler TJ, Bymaster FP, Tandon R, Copolov D, Dean B (2007) Towards a Muscarinic Hypothesis of Schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 12(3):232\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.mp.4001924","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"7096_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","volume":"125","author":"DJ Robinaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinaugh DJ, Alexander J, Millner, McNally RJ (2016) Identifying Highly Influential Nodes in the Complicated Grief Network. J Abnorm Psychol 125(6):747\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000181","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"7096_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111577","volume":"13","author":"G Sampogna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sampogna G, Vincenzo MD, Giuliani L et al (2023) A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs on the Quality of Life of Patients with Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 13(11):1577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13111577","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"7096_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0228","volume":"81","author":"M Scheffer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheffer M, Bockting CL, Borsboom D et al (2024a) A Dynamical Systems View of Psychiatric Disorders\u2014Practical Implications: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry 81(6):624\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0228","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"7096_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0215","volume":"81","author":"M Scheffer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheffer M, Bockting CL, Borsboom D et al (2024b) A Dynamical Systems View of Psychiatric Disorders-Theory: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry 81(6):618\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0215","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7096_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1039-0","volume":"17","author":"AJ Sedgewick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sedgewick AJ, Shi I, Donovan RM, Benos PV (2016) Learning Mixed Graphical Models with Separate Sparsity Parameters and Stability-Based Model Selection. BMC Bioinformatics 17(5):S175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12859-016-1039-0","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"June","key":"7096_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04036-5","volume":"22","author":"S Siafis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siafis S, Bursch N, M\u00fcller K et al (2022) Evidence-Based Shared-Decision-Making Assistant (SDM-Assistant) for Choosing Antipsychotics: Protocol of a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 22(June):406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-04036-5","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.1.99","volume":"167","author":"RP Snaith","year":"1995","unstructured":"Snaith RP, Hamilton M, Morley S, Humayan A, Hargreaves D, Trigwell P (1995) A Scale for the Assessment of Hedonic Tone the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci 167(1):99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.167.1.99","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci"},{"key":"7096_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00045","volume":"8","author":"R-D Stieglitz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stieglitz R-D, Haug A, F\u00e4hndrich E, R\u00f6sler M, and Wolfgang Trabert (2017) Comprehensive Psychopathological Assessment Based on the Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry (AMDP) System: Development, Methodological Foundation, Application in Clinical Routine, and Research. Front Psychiatry 8:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00045","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"7096_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz141","volume":"46","author":"GP Strauss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strauss GP, Esfahlani FZ, Sayama H et al (2020) Network Analysis Indicates That Avolition Is the Most Central Domain for the Successful Treatment of Negative Symptoms: Evidence From the Roluperidone Randomized Clinical Trial. Schizophr Bull 46(4):964\u2013970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbz141","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006986","volume":"29","author":"T Stroup","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stroup T, Scott JP, McEvoy MS, Swartz et al (2003) The National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Project: Schizophrenia Trial Design and Protocol Development. Schizophr Bull 29(1):15\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006986","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac131","volume":"49","author":"Y Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun Y, Zhang Y, Lu Z et al (2023) Longitudinal Network Analysis Reveals Interactive Change of Schizophrenia Symptoms During Acute Antipsychotic Treatment. Schizophr Bull 49(1):208\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbac131","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"8","key":"7096_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170413115754","volume":"15","author":"EW Tuplin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuplin EW, Holahan MR (2017) Aripiprazole, A Drug That Displays Partial Agonism and Functional Selectivity. Curr Neuropharmacol 15(8):1192\u20131207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X15666170413115754","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"December","key":"7096_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K (2011) Mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J Stat Softw 45(December):1\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"7096_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000441458","volume":"85","author":"M Wichers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wichers M, Groot PC, Group Psychosystems ESM, EWS Group (2016) Critical Slowing Down as a Personalized Early Warning Signal for Depression. Psychother Psychosom 85(2):114\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000441458","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"10","key":"7096_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1530","volume":"76","author":"S Winkelbeiner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winkelbeiner S, Leucht S, Kane JM, and Philipp Homan (2019) Evaluation of Differences in Individual Treatment Response in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 76(10):1063\u20131073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1530","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"7096_CR50","first-page":"1","volume":"92","author":"F Zamani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zamani F (2017) Sensitivity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in Detecting Treatment Effects via Network Analysis. J Psychiatr Res 92:1\u20138","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"7096_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12111071","volume":"12","author":"B Zanchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zanchi B, Trevor-Briscoe T, Sarti P et al (2024) The Impact of Music Therapy in a Pediatric Oncology Setting: An Italian Observational Network Study. Healthc (Basel Switzerland) 12(11):1071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12111071","journal-title":"Healthc (Basel Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"7096_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01398-4","volume":"11","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhuo K, Xiang Q et al (2021) Dynamic Functional Connectivity and Its Anatomical Substrate Reveal Treatment Outcome in First-Episode Drug-Na\u00efve Schizophrenia. Translational Psychiatry 11(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01398-4","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07096-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07096-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07096-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:02:59Z","timestamp":1791925379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07096-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["7096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07096-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article was originally published under the subscription model but it is now published under an Open Access license.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. All procedures involving human subjects\/patients were approved by the local ethics committee (Ethics Committee\/IRB of the Kantonale Ethikkommission Z\u00fcrich (Stampfenbachstrasse 121, 8090 Z\u00fcrich) - Project ID: KEK-ZH 2020-00277)","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical considerations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided informed consent to take part in the study and for the publication of the collected data. Moreover, the ability to understand the details of the study and to autonomously provide informed consent was one of the inclusion criteria for participation.a","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate and for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}