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A diversity of methodological parameters (opioid identity, training doses, rat strain, session duration) makes it difficult to identify consistent contributions to these outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if Heterogeneous Stock (HS) rats derived from 8 founder strains differ by sex in the IVSA of opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male and female Heterogeneous Stock (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097\u20138 per sex) rats were permitted to self-administer heroin (20\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion) in 2\u00a0h sessions under a Fixed Ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. After acquisition, animals completed sessions in which different infusion doses of heroin (0, 15, 30, 60, 120\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion), oxycodone (0, 30, 60, 150, 300\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion) and fentanyl (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion) were assessed. Next, animals were evaluated on doses of heroin (15, 30, 60, 120\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion), oxycodone (30, 60, 150, 300\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion) and fentanyl (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg\/infusion) under a Progressive Ratio schedule. Anti-nociceptive effects of heroin (0.56\u20132.4\u00a0mg\/kg, s.c.) were examined with a warm water tail-withdrawal assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female HS rats consistently self-administered more infusions of opioids, including heroin during acquisition, all three opioids during FR-1 dose substitution and of oxycodone and fentanyl in the PR procedure. Male rats were moderately more sensitive to the anti-nociceptive effects of heroin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female rats drawn at random from a genetically diverse population self-administer opioids at higher rates than their male counterparts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07100-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:22:58Z","timestamp":1780708978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of sex on heroin intravenous self-administration by heterogeneous stock rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Taffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney L.","family":"Mehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara R. 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