{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T01:05:16Z","timestamp":1783991116308,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"University of Zurich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Negative self-referential emotions such as embarrassment and shame play a key role in the psychopathology of psychiatric disorders but are often insufficiently addressed by standard treatments. Psychedelics such as ayahuasca \u2013 an Amazonian plant decoction containing the psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids, have been proposed to positively modulate self-referential processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an ayahuasca-inspired harmine+DMT formulation and harmine on embarrassment and shame.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial (N\u2009=\u200928 healthy males), the effects of combined 100mg harmine and 100mg DMT (HAR\/DMT), harmine alone (HAR), against placebo (PLA) on self-referential processing was investigated using a karaoke paradigm, where participants listened to recordings of their own singing (Self\u2009=\u2009S) and control vocal tracks (other bad\u2009=\u2009OB; other good\u2009=\u2009OG) and rated emotional responses. Acute emotions were assessed with visual analogue scales (items: pleasant, unpleasant, embarrassing, funny, and objective quality) and the Experiential Shame Scale (ESS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HAR\/DMT compared to placebo significantly reduced embarrassment in the Self condition (EMM=-16.83, p=.001), but not in the two other conditions (OB: EMM=-4.38, p=.628; OG: EMM=\u20092.14, p=.894). HAR\/DMT\u2013HAR or HAR\u2013PLA contrasts for embarrassment were not significant for any condition. HAR\/DMT compared to placebo reduced ESS global score (F(df)=\u20094.26(2, 54); p=.019) and ESS emotional subscale (F(df)=5.11(2, 54); p=.009), while harmine alone showed no significant effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that HAR\/DMT acutely modulates negative self-referential emotions and may, thus, offer a promising therapeutic approach, which should be further investigated in clinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07118-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:11:39Z","timestamp":1783987899000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined DMT\u2013harmine formulation reduces negative self-referential emotions during social self-evaluation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in healthy volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5915-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena D.","family":"Aicher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6902-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Dornbierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6813-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzia","family":"Caflisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dila","family":"Suay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9774-9805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0887-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Landolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7933-2865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris B.","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1313-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Scheidegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9946-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Dornbierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"7118_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1302559","volume":"14","author":"Aicher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aicher, Mueller HD, Dornbierer MJ, Suay DA, Elsner D, Wicki C, Meling I, Caflisch D, Hempe L, Steinhart A, Mueller C, Von Rotz J, Kleim R, B., Scheidegger M (2024) Potential therapeutic effects of an ayahuasca-inspired N,N-DMT and harmine formulation: A controlled trial in healthy subjects. Front Psychiatry 14:1302559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1302559","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7118_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aicher HD, Wicki IA, Meling D, Mueller MJ, Dornbierer DA, Scheidegger M (2025) Enhancing mindfulness and compassion through an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing N,N-DMT and harmine: A randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects. J Psychopharmacol","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811251344689"},{"key":"7118_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117430","volume":"320","author":"T Arruda Sanchez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arruda Sanchez T, Ramos LR, Araujo F, Schenberg EE, Yonamine M, Lobo I, De Araujo DB, Luna LE (2024) Emotion regulation effects of Ayahuasca in experienced subjects during implicit aversive stimulation: An fMRI study. J Ethnopharmacol 320:117430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117430","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"7118_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bastin C, Harrison B, Davey C, Moll J, Whittle S (2016) Feelings of shame, embarrassment and guilt and their neural correlates: A Systematic Review. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews 71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019"},{"issue":"January","key":"7118_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.004","volume":"87","author":"JC Bouso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouso JC, dos Santos RG, Alc\u00e1zar-C\u00f3rcoles M\u00c1, Hallak JEC (2018) Serotonergic psychedelics and personality: A systematic review of contemporary research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 87(January):118\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"7118_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000120","volume":"115","author":"A Bruk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruk A, Scholl SG, Bless H (2018) Beautiful mess effect: Self-other differences in evaluations of showing vulnerability. J Personal Soc Psychol 115:192\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000120","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"7118_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30065-7","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J, Day CMJ, Erritzoe D, Kaelen M, Bloomfield M, Rickard JA, Forbes B, Feilding A, Taylor D, Pilling S, Curran VH, Nutt DJ (2016) Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: An open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30065-7","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7118_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914523800","volume":"6","author":"WR Crozier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crozier WR (2014) Differentiating Shame from Embarrassment. Emot Rev 6(3):269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073914523800","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"key":"7118_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCBS.2019.11.004","volume":"15","author":"AK Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis AK, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR (2020) Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between acute psychedelic effects and subjective decreases in depression and anxiety. J Context Behav Sci 15:39\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCBS.2019.11.004","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"key":"7118_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724606","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724606","volume":"12","author":"CMH de Vos","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Vos CMH, Mason NL, Kuypers KPC (2021) Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics. Front Psychiatry 12:724606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724606","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"7118_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.149971","volume":"208","author":"N Doerig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doerig N, Krieger T, Altenstein D, Schlumpf Y, Spinelli S, Sp\u00e4ti J, Brakowski J, Quednow BB, Seifritz E, Holtforth M (2016) grosse. Amygdala response to self-critical stimuli and symptomimprovement in psychotherapy for depression. Br J Psychiat 208(2):175\u2013181. . Cambridge Core https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.149971. Cambridge Core.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiat"},{"key":"7118_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.82","volume":"41","author":"PC Dolder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dolder PC, Schmid Y, M\u00fcller F, Borgwardt S, Liechti ME (2016) LSD acutely impairs fear recognition and enhances emotional empathy and sociality. Neuropsychopharmacology 41:2638\u20132646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2016.82","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"7118_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Clav\u00e9 E, Soler J, Elices M, Franquesa A, \u00c1lvarez E, Pascual JC (2022) Ayahuasca may help to improve self\u2010compassion and self\u2010criticism capacities. Hum Psychopharmacology: Clin Experimental 37(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.2807","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2807"},{"key":"7118_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246892","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1246892","volume":"14","author":"DA Dornbierer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dornbierer DA, Marten L, Mueller J, Aicher HD, Mueller MJ, Boxler M, Kometer M, Kosanic D, Von Rotz R, Puchkov M, Kraemer T, Landolt H-P, Seifritz E, Scheidegger M (2023) Overcoming the clinical challenges of traditional ayahuasca: A first-in-human trial exploring novel routes of administration of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine and harmine. Front Pharmacol 14:1246892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1246892","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"7118_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116652578","author":"RG Dos Santos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dos Santos RG, Balthazar FM, Bouso JC, Hallak JEC (2016) The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. J Psychopharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116652578","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7118_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01706-y","volume":"11","author":"MK Doss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doss MK, Pova\u017ean M, Rosenberg MD, Sepeda ND, Davis AK, Finan PH, Smith GS, Pekar JJ, Barker PB, Griffiths RR, Barrett FS (2021) Psilocybin therapy increases cognitive and neural flexibility in patients with major depressive disorder. Translational Psychiatry 11(1):574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01706-y","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7118_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02414-5","volume":"13","author":"DP Effinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Effinger DP, Quadir SG, Ramage MC, Cone MG, Herman MA (2023) Sex-specific effects of psychedelic drug exposure on central amygdala reactivity and behavioral responding. Translational Psychiatry 13(1):119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02414-5","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7118_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac074","volume":"26","author":"JJ Gattuso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gattuso JJ, Perkins D, Ruffell S, Lawrence AJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Timmermann C, Castle D, Rossell SL, Downey LA, Pagni BA, Galv\u00e3o-Coelho NL, Nutt D, Sarris J (2023) Default Mode Network Modulation by Psychedelics: A Systematic Review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 26(3):155\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac074","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"7118_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.006","volume":"108","author":"JT Ho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ho JT, Preller KH, Lenggenhager B (2020) Neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 108:526\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"7118_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hornung J, Smith E, Junger J, Pauly K, Habel U, Derntl B (2019) Exploring Sex Differences in the Neural Correlates of Self-and Other-Referential Gender Stereotyping. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Volume 13-2019. https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/behavioral-neuroscience\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00031","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00031"},{"issue":"1","key":"7118_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021466","volume":"137","author":"S Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim S, Thibodeau R, Jorgensen RS (2011) Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 137(1):68\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021466","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"7118_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","volume":"28","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH (1993) The \u2019Trier Social Stress Test\u2019\u2014A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28(1\u20132):76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000119004","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"7118_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0984(200007\/08)14:4<347::AID-PER381>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"14","author":"NL Kocovski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kocovski NL, Endler NS (2000) Social anxiety, self-regulation, and fear of negative evaluation. Eur J Pers 14(4):347\u2013358","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"issue":"11","key":"7118_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.005","volume":"72","author":"M Kometer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kometer M, Schmidt A, Bachmann R, Studerus E, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX (2012) Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors. Biol Psychiatry 72(11):898\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.04.005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"7118_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.04.010","volume":"78","author":"R Kraehenmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kraehenmann R, Preller KH, Scheidegger M, Pokorny T, Bosch OG, Seifritz E, Vollenweider FX (2015) Psilocybin-induced decrease in amygdala reactivity correlates with enhanced positive mood in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 78(8):572\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.04.010","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"7118_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022","volume":"50","author":"ME Kret","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kret ME, De Gelder B (2012) A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals. Neuropsychologia 50(7):1211\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"7118_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.887","volume":"92","author":"MR Leary","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Allen AB, Hancock J (2007) Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. J Personal Soc Psychol 92(5):887\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.887","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"key":"7118_CR28","unstructured":"Lenth RV, Buerkner P, Herve M, Love J, Miguez; F, Riebl H, Singmann (2021) emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means [Computer software]"},{"issue":"4","key":"7118_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22411","volume":"32","author":"T L\u00f3pez-Castro","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Castro T, Saraiya T, Zumberg-Smith K, Dambreville N (2019) Association Between Shame and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. J Trauma Stress 32(4):484\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22411","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"7118_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279887","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1279887","volume":"15","author":"MX Lowe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lowe MX, Kettner H, Jolly DRP, Carhart-Harris RL, Jackson H (2024) Long-term benefits to psychological health and well-being after ceremonial use of Ayahuasca in Middle Eastern and North African immigrants and refugees. Front Psychiatry 15:1279887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1279887","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"7118_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022","volume":"23","author":"C Ly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, Burbach KF, Zarandi S, Sood S, Paddy A, Duim MR, Dennis WC, McAllister MY, Ori-McKenney AK, Gray KM, J. A., Olson DE (2018) Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Rep 23(11):3170\u20133182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"7118_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217079","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217079","volume":"17","author":"P Mallaroni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Kloft L, Reckweg JT, Van Oorsouw K, Ramaekers JG (2023) Cortical structural differences following repeated ayahuasca use hold molecular signatures. Front NeuroSci 17:1217079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1217079","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"issue":"10","key":"7118_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241282637","volume":"38","author":"D Meling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meling D, Egger K, Aicher HD, Jare\u00f1o Redondo J, Mueller J, Dornbierer J, Temperli E, Vasella EA, Caflisch L, Pfeiffer DJ, Schlomberg JT, Smallridge JW, Dornbierer DA, Scheidegger M (2024) Meditating on psychedelics. A randomized placebo-controlled study of DMT and harmine in a mindfulness retreat. J Psychopharmacol 38(10):897\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811241282637","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7118_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss114","volume":"9","author":"P Michl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michl P, Meindl T, Meister F, Born C, Engel RR, Reiser M, Hennig-Fast K (2014) Neurobiological underpinnings of shame and guilt: A pilot fMRI study. Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci 9(2):150\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nss114","journal-title":"Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"7118_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00571","volume":"7","author":"I Molnar-Szakacs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Molnar-Szakacs I, Uddin LQ (2013) Self-processing and the default mode network: Interactions with the mirror neuron system. Front Hum Neurosci 7:571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00571","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"7118_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mueller MJ, Aicher HD, Dornbierer DA, Marten L, Suay D, Meling D, Elsner C, Wicki IA, M\u00fcller J, Poetzsch SN, Caflisch L, Hempe A, Steinhart CP, Puchkov M, Kost J, Landolt H-P, Seifritz E, Quednow BB, Scheidegger M (2025) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an innovative psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamine\/harmine formulation in healthy participants: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 28(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf001","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf001"},{"key":"7118_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/q2hzm","author":"S Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muthukumaraswamy S, Forsyth A, Lumley T (2021) Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials. PsyArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/q2hzm. [Preprint]","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"7118_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","volume":"2","author":"K Neff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neff K (2003) Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself. Self Identity 2(2):85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298860309032","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"issue":"1","key":"7118_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21923","volume":"69","author":"KD Neff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neff KD, Germer CK (2013) A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J Clin Psychol 69(1):28\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.21923","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7118_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.03.010","volume":"9","author":"KN Ochsner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ochsner KN, Gross JJ (2005) The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 9(5):242\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2005.03.010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7118_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0118143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118143","volume":"10","author":"F Palhano-Fontes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palhano-Fontes F, Andrade KC, Tofoli LF, Santos AC, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, Ribeiro S, de Araujo DB (2015) The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network. PLoS ONE 10(2):e0118143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0118143","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7118_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879221","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.879221","volume":"16","author":"D Perkins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perkins D, Ruffell SGD, Day K, Rubiano P, D., Sarris J (2023) Psychotherapeutic and neurobiological processes associated with ayahuasca: A proposed model and implications for therapeutic use. Front NeuroSci 16:879221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.879221","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"key":"7118_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Perkins D, Sarris J, Cowley-Court T, Aicher H, T\u00f3foli LF, Bouso C, Opaleye J, Halman E, Galv\u00e3o-Coelho A, N., Schubert V (2024) Associations between ayahuasca use in naturalistic settings and mental health and wellbeing outcomes: analysis of a large global dataset. J Psychoactive Drugs 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2024.2424288","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2024.2424288"},{"issue":"4","key":"7118_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040559","volume":"13","author":"L Piretti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Piretti L, Pappaianni E, Garbin C, Rumiati RI, Job R, Grecucci A (2023) The Neural Signatures of Shame, Embarrassment, and Guilt: A Voxel-Based Meta-Analysis on Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Brain Sci 13(4):559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13040559","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"7118_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812930","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.812930","volume":"13","author":"W Pots","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pots W, Chakhssi F (2022) Psilocybin-Assisted Compassion Focused Therapy for Depression. Front Psychol 13:812930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.812930","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7118_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00881","volume":"10","author":"KH Preller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Preller KH, Vollenweider FX (2019) Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and Entactogens. Front Psychiatry 10:881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00881","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7118_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524187113","volume":"113","author":"KH Preller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Preller KH, Pokorny T, Hock A, Kraehenmann R, St\u00e4mpfli P, Seifritz E, Scheidegger M, Vollenweider FX (2016) Effects of serotonin 2A\/1A receptor stimulation on social exclusion processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:5119\u20135124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1524187113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7118_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.12.027","volume":"88","author":"KH Preller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Preller KH, Duerler P, Burt JB, Ji JL, Adkinson B, St\u00e4mpfli P, Seifritz E, Repov\u0161 G, Krystal JH, Murray JD, Anticevic A, Vollenweider FX (2020) Psilocybin Induces Time-Dependent Changes in Global Functional Connectivity. Biol Psychiatry 88(2):197\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.12.027","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"7118_CR49","unstructured":"Psychology Software Tools, Inc (2016) E-Prime 3.0 [Computer software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/support.pstnet.com\/"},{"key":"7118_CR50","unstructured":"Renelli M (2020) An exploratory study of experiences with conventional eating disorder treatment and ceremonial ayahuasca for the healing of eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"7118_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0358-7","volume":"186","author":"J Riba","year":"2006","unstructured":"Riba J, Romero S, Grasa E, Mena E, Carrio I, Barbanoj MJ (2006) Increased frontal and paralimbic activation following ayahuasca, the pan-Amazonian inebriant. Psychopharmacology 186(1):93\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0358-7","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"7118_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1344","volume":"4","author":"J Riba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riba J, McIlhenny EH, Valle M, Bouso JC, Barker SA (2012) Metabolism and disposition of N,N-dimethyltryptamine and harmala alkaloids after oral administration of ayahuasca. Drug Test Anal 4(7\u20138):610\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1344","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"7118_CR53","unstructured":"RStudio Team (2021) Rstudio: Integrated Development for R. [Computer software]. RStudio. http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/"},{"key":"7118_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx036","author":"F Sampedro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sampedro F, Revenga MDLF, Valle M, Roberto N, Dom\u00ednguez-Clav\u00e9 E, Elices M, Luna LE, Crippa JAS, Hallak JEC, Araujo DBD, Friedlander P, Barker SA, \u00c1lvarez E, Soler J, Pascual JC, Feilding A, Riba J (2017) Assessing the psychedelic after-glow in ayahuasca users: Post-acute neurometabolic and functional connectivity changes are associated with enhanced mindfulness capacities. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx036","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7118_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","volume":"66","author":"S Seedat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seedat S, Scott KM, Angermeyer MC, Berglund P, Bromet EJ, Brugha TS, Demyttenaere K, de Girolamo G, Haro JM, Jin R, Karam EG, Kovess-Masfety V, Levinson D, Medina Mora ME, Ono Y, Ormel J, Pennell B-E, Posada-Villa J, Sampson NA, Kessler RC (2009) Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(7):785\u2013795. Cross-National Associations Between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveyshttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"7118_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanon B (2002) The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford University Press","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199252923.001.0001"},{"issue":"6","key":"7118_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812686106","volume":"106","author":"YI Sheline","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sheline YI, Barch DM, Price JL, Rundle MM, Vaishnavi SN, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA, Wang S, Coalson RS, Raichle ME (2009) The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(6):1942\u20131947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0812686106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"7118_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102443","volume":"82","author":"C Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi C, Ren Z, Zhao C, Zhang T, Chan SH-W (2021) Shame, guilt, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A three-level meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord 82:102443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102443","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"7118_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678930","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1678930","volume":"16","author":"D Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh D, Bhushan B (2025) Understanding shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride: A systematic review of self-conscious emotions. Front Psychol 16:1678930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1678930","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7118_CR60","unstructured":"Singmann H, Bolker B, Westfall J, Aust F (2016) Afex: analysis of factorial experiments. R package version 0.16-1. [Computer software]"},{"key":"7118_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.11.002","volume":"15","author":"J Sloshower","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sloshower J, Guss J, Krause R, Wallace RM, Williams MT, Reed S, Skinta MD (2020) Psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depressive disorder using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a therapeutic frame. J Context Behav Sci 15:12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2019.11.002","journal-title":"J Context Behav Sci"},{"key":"7118_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-4162-0","volume":"233","author":"J Soler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soler J, Elices M, Franquesa A, Barker S, Friedlander P, Feilding A, Pascual JC, Riba J (2016) Exploring the therapeutic potential of Ayahuasca: Acute intake increases mindfulness-related capacities. Psychopharmacology 233:823\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-015-4162-0","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"7118_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020009001","volume":"51","author":"RJ Strassman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Strassman RJ, Qualls CR (1994) Dose-response study of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans: I. Neuroendocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:85\u201397","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"7118_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121247","volume":"313","author":"D Suay","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suay D, Aicher HD, Kometer M, Mueller MJ, Caflisch L, Hempe A, Steinhart CP, Elsner C, Wicki IA, M\u00fcller J, Meling D, Dornbierer DA, Scheidegger M, Bottari D (2025) Ayahuasca-inspired DMT\/HAR formulation reduces brain differentiation between self and other faces. NeuroImage 313:121247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121247","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"7118_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2013.818927","volume":"148","author":"JE Turner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turner JE (2014) Researching state shame with the experiential shame scale. J Psychol 148(5):577\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980.2013.818927","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7118_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy268","volume":"42","author":"R Wassing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wassing R, Benjamins JS, Talamini LM, Schalkwijk F, Van Someren EJW (2019) Overnight worsening of emotional distress indicates maladaptive sleep in insomnia. Sleep 42(4):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy268","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"7118_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167817709585","volume":"57","author":"R Watts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watts R, Day C, Krzanowski J, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R (2017) Patients\u2019 accounts of increased connectedness and acceptance after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. J Humanistic Psychol 57:520\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167817709585","journal-title":"J Humanistic Psychol"},{"key":"7118_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.069","volume":"246","author":"AM Werner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Werner AM, Tibubos AN, Rohrmann S, Reiss N (2019) The clinical trait self-criticism and its relation to psychopathology: A systematic review \u2013 Update. J Affect Disord 246:530\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.069","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"7118_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2019.007","volume":"3","author":"TJ Wolff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolff TJ, Ruffell S, Netzband N, Passie T (2019) A phenomenology of subjectively relevant experiences induced by ayahuasca in Upper Amazon vegetalismo tourism. J Psychedelic Stud 3(3):295\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2054.2019.007","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07118-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07118-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07118-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:11:42Z","timestamp":1783987902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07118-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["7118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07118-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"HDA, JD, LC, DS, HPL and BQ declare that they have no conflict of interest related to this article. DAD and MS declare that they co-founded Reconnect Labs, an academic spin-off at the University of Zurich, focused on the development of psychedelic medicines for mental health, MJM declares that he owns shares of Reconnect Labs.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Cantonal Ethics Committee of the Canton of Zurich (Basec-Nr. 2018-01385) and Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (BAG-Nr. (AB)-8\/5-BetmG-2019\/008014).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research ethics and patient consent"}},{"value":"Neurodynamics of Prosocial Emotional Processing Following Serotonergic Stimulation With N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and Harmine in Healthy Subjects. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04716335","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial registry name and URL incl. registration number"}}]}}