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Two mathematical approaches, signal detection theory and theory of visual attention were applied to further characterise the effects and mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats were trained to detect and respond to the presence or absence of a visual target to obtain food reward on a signal detection task. After attentional performance stabilised, the indirect catecholamine agonist, d-amphetamine (0.1; 0.2; 0.4\u00a0mg\/kg), the dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate (0.3; 1; 3\u00a0mg\/kg), and the NA reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (0.1; 0.3; 1\u00a0mg\/kg), were administered systemically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low-dose d-amphetamine produced baseline-dependent effects on attention, improving target discrimination only in rats with lower attentive performance, whereas methylphenidate did not significantly improve attention but increased guessing. In contrast, low-dose atomoxetine selectively impaired attention in low-attentive subjects, whereas high-dose atomoxetine generally impaired discrimination performance. All three drugs had expected effects on motor response output.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As well as demonstrating baseline-dependent effects of amphetamine on visual attention, the findings for methylphenidate and atomoxetine suggest important, apparently opposing effects on visual signal detection performance produced via blockade of the DA and NA transporters. The deleterious effects of atomoxetine on performance were especially noteworthy in view of its use as a treatment in ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07131-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:18:46Z","timestamp":1785903526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detrimental effects of atomoxetine on visual signal detection in rats: comparison with ADHD psychomotor stimulant drugs"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9025-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia J.F.","family":"Wilod Versprille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Dalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"7131_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.031","volume":"75","author":"S Ansquer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ansquer S, Belin-Rauscent A, Dugast E et al (2014) Atomoxetine decreases vulnerability to develop compulsivity in high impulsive rats. 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