{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:19:16Z","timestamp":1787800756514,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wana Brand Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Rationale<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) has been reported to evoke psychedelic-like experiences at high doses in some individuals. However, the doses of \u03949-THC that occasion such effects and the phenomenology of these experiences are poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This brief report presents preliminary findings from a pilot human laboratory study that directly compared the acute effects of \u03949-THC and psilocybin under set (expectancy) and setting (context) conditions of a typical psychedelic clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four healthy adults (ages 31\u201347, 3\u00a0F) received oral administration of placebo, psilocybin (25\u00a0mg), and 25\u00a0mg \u03949-THC, and two of these participants also received 50\u00a0mg \u03949-THC, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover study. \u03949-THC was administered as either synthetic \u03949-THC (dronabinol) or a whole-plant cannabis distillate extract (89.9% \u03949-THC). Subjective effects, cardiovascular measures, and safety were monitored throughout each session. Participants were asked after each session what drug they thought they had received.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>25\u00a0mg \u03949-THC in both forms yielded a subjective experience similar to 25\u00a0mg psilocybin. Dronabinol was mistaken for a classic hallucinogen by both a psychedelic-na\u00efve and a psychedelic-experienced participant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary data suggest that a 25\u00a0mg oral dose of pure, synthetic \u03949-THC can be mistaken for a classic hallucinogen, and that oral \u03949-THC can elicit a psychedelic-like experience under set and setting conditions of a typical psychedelic clinical trial. While limited by sample size, these initial results provide insights into the comparative psychopharmacology of \u03949-THC and psilocybin as well as the potentially substantial impact of set and setting on subjective effects of psychoactive drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial Registration: This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06772753) on January 13, 2025<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07138-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:52:23Z","timestamp":1787799143000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pilot study comparing the effects of high dose THC to high dose psilocybin and placebo in the set and setting of a classic psychedelic therapy session"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Frederick S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wolinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zach","family":"Daily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ciancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Vandrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7138_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115609019","volume":"29","author":"FS Barrett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barrett FS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2015) Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 29:1182\u20131190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881115609019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"7138_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0052","volume":"3","author":"FS Barrett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barrett FS, Schlienz NJ, Lembeck N, Waqas M, Vandrey R (2018) Hallucinations Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 3:85\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2017.0052","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"7138_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59282-y","volume":"10","author":"FS Barrett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrett FS, Doss MK, Sepeda ND, Pekar JJ, Griffiths RR (2020) Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin. Sci Rep 10:2214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-59282-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7138_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096","volume":"79","author":"MP Bogenschutz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogenschutz MP, Ross S, Bhatt S, Baron T, Forcehimes AA, Laska E, Mennenga SE, O\u2019Donnell K, Owens LT, Podrebarac S, Rotrosen J, Tonigan JS, Worth L (2022) Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 79:953\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"7138_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06221-6","volume":"239","author":"M Butler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Butler M, Jelen L, Rucker J (2022) Expectancy in placebo-controlled trials of psychedelics: if so, so what? Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 239:3047\u20133055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-022-06221-6","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"7138_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4769-4","volume":"235","author":"TM Carbonaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR (2018) Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences. Psychopharmacol (Berl 235:521\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-017-4769-4","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl"},{"key":"7138_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2025.00461","volume":"9","author":"AK Davis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davis AK, DellaCrosse MA, Sepeda ND, Levin AW, Cosimano M, Shaub H, Washington T, Gooch PM, Gilead S, Gaughan SJ, Armstrong SB, Barrett FS (2025) Five-year outcomes of psilocybin-assisted therapy for Major Depressive Disorder. J Psychedelic Stud 9:320\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2054.2025.00461","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"},{"key":"7138_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881121997099","volume":"35","author":"M Earleywine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Earleywine M, Ueno LF, Mian MN, Altman BR (2021) Cannabis-induced oceanic boundlessness. J Psychopharmacol 35:841\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881121997099","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"7138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04154-z","volume":"32","author":"D Erritzoe","year":"2026","unstructured":"Erritzoe D, Barba T, Benway T, Joel Z, Good M, Layzell M, Jones MB, Campbell G, Murphy-Beiner A, Rands P, Boyce M, Topping H, Weiss B, Timmermann C, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R, Routledge C, James E (2026) A short-acting psychedelic intervention for major depressive disorder: a phase IIa randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nat Med 32:591\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-04154-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"7138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1645371","volume":"51","author":"S Farmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farmer S, Slavin MN, Loflin MJE, Luba R, Earleywine M (2019) Aversiveness and Meaningfulness of Uncomfortable Experiences with Edible Cannabis. J Psychoact Drugs 51:413\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2019.1645371","journal-title":"J Psychoact Drugs"},{"key":"7138_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1556\/2054.2020.00122","volume":"4","author":"MS Ferrara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrara MS (2021) Peak-experience and the entheogenic use of cannabis in world religions. J Psychedelic Stud 4:179\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2054.2020.00122","journal-title":"J Psychedelic Stud"},{"key":"7138_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473708666150107121331","volume":"7","author":"A Garcia-Romeu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Johnson MW (2014) Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 7:157\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874473708666150107121331","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"key":"7138_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goodwin GM, Aaronson ST, Alvarez O, Arden PC, Baker A, Bennett JC, Bird C, Blom RE, Brennan C, Brusch D, Burke L, Campbell-Coker K, Carhart-Harris R, Cattell J, Daniel A, DeBattista C, Dunlop BW, Eisen K, Feifel D, Forbes M, Haumann HM, Hellerstein DJ, Hoppe AI, Husain MI, Jelen LA, Kamphuis J, Kawasaki J, Kelly JR, Key RE, Kishon R, Peck K, Knight S, Koolen G, Lean MHB, Licht M, Maples-Keller RW, Mars JL, Marwood J, McElhiney L, Miller MC, Mirow TL, Mistry A, Mletzko-Crowe S, Modlin T, Nielsen LN, Nielson RE, Offerhaus EM, O\u2019Keane SR, P\u00e1len\u00ed\u010dek V, Printz T, Rademaker D, van Reemst MC, Reinholdt A, Repantis F, Rucker D, Rudow J, Ruffell S, Rush S, Schoevers AJ, Seynaeve RA, Shao M, Soares S, Somers JC, Stansfield M, Sterling SC, Strockis D, Tsai A, Visser J, Wahba L, Williams M, Young S, Ywema AH, Zisook P, Malievskaia S (2022) E., Single-Dose Psilocybin for a Treatment-Resistant Episode of Major Depression. N Engl J Med 387:1637\u20131648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2206443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206443"},{"key":"7138_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Richards WA, McCann U, Jesse R (2006) Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 187, 268\u2013283; discussion 284\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0457-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0457-5"},{"key":"7138_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2358-5","volume":"218","author":"RR Griffiths","year":"2011","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, McCann U, Jesse R (2011) Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology 218:649\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-011-2358-5","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"7138_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675513","volume":"30","author":"RR Griffiths","year":"2016","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, Umbricht A, Richards WA, Richards BD, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA (2016) Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 30:1181\u20131197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116675513","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"7138_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117731279","volume":"32","author":"RR Griffiths","year":"2018","unstructured":"Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, Richards BD, Jesse R, MacLean KA, Barrett FS, Cosimano MP, Klinedinst MA (2018) Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 32:49\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881117731279","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"7138_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-025-00417-3","volume":"3","author":"DH Grossman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grossman DH, Madden KM, Mehtani NJ, Anderson BT, Davis LL, Mitchell JM, Hendricks PS (2025) A systematic review of income and education reporting in psychedelic clinical trials. Nat Ment Health 3:567\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44220-025-00417-3","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"7138_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116359","volume":"345","author":"SL Haft","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haft SL, Downey AE, Raymond-Flesch M, Fernandes-Osterhold G, Bradley ER, O\u2019Donovan A, Woolley J (2025) A Systematic Review of Participant Diversity in Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy Trials. Psychiatry Res 345:116359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116359","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"7138_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116677852","volume":"30","author":"I Hartogsohn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartogsohn I (2016) Set and setting, psychedelics and the placebo response: An extra-pharmacological perspective on psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 30:1259\u20131267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116677852","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"7138_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205032451668332","DOI":"10.1177\/2050324516683325","volume":"3","author":"I Hartogsohn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hartogsohn I (2017) Constructing drug effects: A history of set and setting. Drug Sci Policy Law 3:2050324516683325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050324516683325","journal-title":"Drug Sci Policy Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"7138_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2611029","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029","volume":"9","author":"PS Hendricks","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hendricks PS, Lappan SN, Shelton RC, Lahti AC, Cropsey KL, Johnson MW, Bradley M, Simonsson O, Davis LL, Grossman DH, Ortiz CE (2026) Psilocybin in the treatment of cocaine use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 9:e2611029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"7138_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2024.99","volume":"225","author":"F Holze","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holze F, Gasser P, M\u00fcller F, Strebel M, Liechti ME (2024) LSD-assisted therapy in patients with anxiety: open-label prospective 12-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 225:362\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2024.99","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"7138_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108093587","volume":"22","author":"M Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R (2008) Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 22:603\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881108093587","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"7138_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114548296","volume":"28","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR (2014) Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 28:983\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881114548296","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"3","key":"7138_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e260972","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.0972","volume":"9","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Johnson MW, Naud\u00e9 GP, Hendricks PS, Garcia-Romeu A (2026) Psilocybin or nicotine patch for smoking cessation: a pilot randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 9:e260972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.0972","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"7138_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-020-00032-2","volume":"2","author":"PG Johnstad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnstad PG (2020) Cannabis as entheogen: survey and interview data on the spiritual use of cannabis. J Cannabis Res 2:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42238-020-00032-2","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"7138_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05999-1","volume":"239","author":"J Kuc","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuc J, Kettner H, Rosas F, Erritzoe D, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Nutt D, Carhart-Harris RL (2022) Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey. Psychopharmacol (Berl 239:1425\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-021-05999-1","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl"},{"key":"7138_CR29","first-page":"25","volume":"48","author":"AG Lerner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lerner AG, Goodman C, Rudinski D, Bleich A (2011) Benign and time-limited visual disturbances (flashbacks) in recent abstinent high-potency heavy cannabis smokers: a case series study. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 48:25\u201329","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"7138_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x","volume":"51","author":"KA Maclean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maclean KA, Leoutsakos J-MS, Johnson MW, Griffiths RR (2012) Factor Analysis of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire: A Study of Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin. J Sci Study Relig 51:721\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-5906.2012.01685.x","journal-title":"J Sci Study Relig"},{"key":"7138_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2021.1933434","volume":"14","author":"SD Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muthukumaraswamy SD, Forsyth A, Lumley T (2021) Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 14:1133\u20131152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17512433.2021.1933434","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"7138_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.14530","volume":"330","author":"CL Raison","year":"2023","unstructured":"Raison CL, Sanacora G, Woolley J, Heinzerling K, Dunlop BW, Brown RT, Kakar R, Hassman M, Trivedi RP, Robison R, Gukasyan N, Nayak SM, Hu X, O\u2019Donnell KC, Kelmendi B, Sloshower J, Penn AD, Bradley E, Kelly DF, Mletzko T, Nicholas CR, Hutson PR, Tarpley G, Utzinger M, Lenoch K, Warchol K, Gapasin T, Davis MC, Nelson-Douthit C, Wilson S, Brown C, Linton W, Ross S, Griffiths RR (2023) Single-Dose Psilocybin Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 330:843\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.14530","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7138_CR33","volume-title":"Sacred knowledge: psychedelics and religious experiences","author":"WA Richards","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richards WA, Barnard GW (2018) Sacred knowledge: psychedelics and religious experiences. Columbia University Press, New York"},{"key":"7138_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.13481","volume":"334","author":"R Robison","year":"2025","unstructured":"Robison R, Barrow R, Conant C, Foster E, Freedman JM, Jacobsen PL, Jemison J, Karas SM, Karlin DR, Solomon TM, Halperin Wernli M, Fava M (2025) Single treatment with MM120 (lysurgide) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 334:1358\u20131372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.13481","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7138_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00974","volume":"8","author":"L Roseman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL (2017) Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Front Pharmacol 8:974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00974","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"7138_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116675512","volume":"30","author":"S Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross S, Bossis A, Guss J, Agin-Liebes G, Malone T, Cohen B, Mennenga SE, Belser A, Kalliontzi K, Babb J, Su Z, Corby P, Schmidt BL (2016) Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf) 30:1165\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881116675512","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"7138_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05279-z","volume":"236","author":"SL Russ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russ SL, Carhart-Harris RL, Maruyama G, Elliott MS (2019) Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin. Psychopharmacology 236:3221\u20133230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-019-05279-z","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"7138_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969","volume":"211","author":"NJ Schlienz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlienz NJ, Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Herrmann ES, Bigelow GE, Mitchell JM, Flegel R, LoDico C, Vandrey R (2020) Pharmacodynamic dose effects of oral cannabis ingestion in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis. Drug Alcohol Depend 211:107969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107969","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"7138_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1969.25.3.704","volume":"25","author":"RK Siegel","year":"1969","unstructured":"Siegel RK, Poole J (1969) Psychedelic-induced social behavior in mice: a preliminary report. Psychol Rep 25:704\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1969.25.3.704","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"7138_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184841","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841","volume":"1","author":"TR Spindle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spindle TR, Cone EJ, Schlienz NJ, Mitchell JM, Bigelow GE, Flegel R, Hayes E, Vandrey R (2018) Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: a crossover trial. JAMA Netw Open 1:e184841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"7138_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012412","volume":"5","author":"E Studerus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Studerus E, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX (2010) Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV). PLoS One 5:e12412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0012412","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7138_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2024.02.004","volume":"9","author":"B Szigeti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Szigeti B, Heifets BD (2024) Expectancy effects in psychedelic trials. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 9:512\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2024.02.004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"7138_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx012","volume":"41","author":"R Vandrey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandrey R, Herrmann ES, Mitchell JM, Bigelow GE, Flegel R, LoDico C, Cone EJ (2017) Pharmacokinetic profile of oral cannabis in humans: blood and oral fluid disposition and relation to pharmacodynamic outcomes. J Anal Toxicol 41:83\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jat\/bkx012","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"7138_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101809","volume":"56","author":"R von Rotz","year":"2023","unstructured":"von Rotz R, Schindowski EM, Jungwirth J, Schuldt A, Rieser NM, Zahoranszky K, Seifritz E, Nowak A, Nowak P, J\u00e4ncke L, Preller KH, Vollenweider FX (2023) Single-dose psilocybin-assisted therapy in major depressive disorder: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine 56:101809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101809","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"7138_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231209194","volume":"38","author":"D Wolinsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wolinsky D, Barrett FS, Vandrey R (2024) The psychedelic effects of cannabis: a review of the literature. J Psychopharmacol 38:49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02698811231209194","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07138-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07138-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07138-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:52:26Z","timestamp":1787799146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07138-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["7138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-026-07138-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3158","1432-2072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3158","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All research procedures occurred after freely-given, written informed consent was obtained from participants. All procedures were approved by the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board and conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki with respect to the ethical conduct of human subjects research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"FSB has received compensation as a scientific advisor from Mindstate Design Labs, LLC. RV has received compensation as a consultant or advisory board member for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Mira1A Pharmaceuticals, Charlotte\u2019s Web, WebMD, Syqe Medical Ltd., and Schedule 1 Therapeutics. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}