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In particular, more work is needed to better understand interactions between sex and dose in determining acute pharmacological effects of cannabis, especially at higher potencies of \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex differences were examined following a range of potencies of smoked cannabis (0%\/0\u00a0mg, 6.25%\/47\u00a0mg, 12.5%\/94\u00a0mg, 22.0%\/165\u00a0mg THC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-five adults (18 females; 17 males) who used cannabis 1\u20135 days\/week participated in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, and counterbalanced human laboratory experiment. Analyses compared peak change from baseline scores between females and males for smoking topography, blood and oral fluid THC and metabolites concentrations, vital signs, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships, subjective effects, mood, and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Females and males smoked similar amounts in each condition, yet females spent significantly more time smoking across all conditions. While both sexes achieved similar blood THC concentrations, females had significantly lower oral fluid THC concentrations. Aside from differences in the onset of some peak subjective effects, minimal evidence of sex differences was found in other outcomes, as well as in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate inconsistent sex differences in the acute effects of smoked cannabis across a range of potencies. While previous research has examined the influences of sex on the effects of THC, to our knowledge this was the first study to evaluate sex differences testing a large range of smoked cannabis potencies (up to 22%\/165\u00a0mg THC) under placebo-controlled laboratory conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07144-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T04:05:15Z","timestamp":1786421115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating sex differences in the acute effects of smoked cannabis: a potency-ranging, controlled administration, human laboratory experiment"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Madison","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Zaweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Di Ciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Sproule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Brands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2010.10399782","volume":"42","author":"BM Anderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson BM, Rizzo M, Block RI, Pearlson GD, O\u2019Leary DS (2010a) Sex differences in the effects of marijuana on simulated driving performance. 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All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03656029) on September 4, 2018.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Bernard Le Foll has obtained funding from Indivior for a clinical trial sponsored by Indivior. He was part of Steering Board for a clinical trial for Indivior. He will be receiving funding for a clinical trial sponsored by Lilly. Dr. Le Foll has received in-kind donations of placebo edibles from Indiva. He is consultant for Shinogi, ThirdBridge, Guidepoint, and Changemark. He is part of a scientific advisory board for NFL Biosciences. He is supported by CAMH, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, a clinician-scientist award from the department of Family and Community Medicine of the University of Toronto and a Chair in Addiction Psychiatry from the department of Psychiatry of University of Toronto. Dr. Christine Wickens serves on the Executive Committee of the International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (ICADTS) and on the Canadian Society of Forensic Science\u2019s Drugs and Driving Committee, which acts as an advisory body to the Department of Justice with respect to issues of drug impaired driving. She also served on the Board of Directors of the Canadian Association of Road Safety Professionals (CARSP). All other authors have nothing to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}