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Disinhibition was uniquely related to vaping, with dual users demonstrating poorer inhibitory control to nicotine-cues, whilst impulsive choice for non-drug rewards was heightened as a function of smoking and vaping. Importantly, increased preference for immediate gratification within dual users extended to cigarette rewards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dimensions of impulsivity play distinct roles in vaping and smoking. Whilst heightened impulsive choice may play a critical role in both, preference for novel experiences and diminished inhibitory control may be unique to vaping. Critically, sensitivity to immediate cigarette and monetary rewards, as well as reduced inhibitory control in the presence of nicotine cues, may be associated with an increased risk of initiation and maintenance of dual use. These findings have implications for interventions, policies, and regulations which aim to increase the transition from smoking to vaping, reduce prevalence of dual-use, and support e-cigarette-only users to become nicotine-free.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-026-07172-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:32:26Z","timestamp":1790670746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differentiating e-cigarette use and dual use: the role of impulsivity"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hollingworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese Elizabeth","family":"Fozard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina Zoe","family":"Kolokotroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7172_CR1","unstructured":"Action on Smoking and Health (2025) Use of vapes (e-cigarettes) among adults in Great Britain. https:\/\/ash.org.uk\/resources\/view\/use-of-e-cigarettes-among-adults-in-great-britain"},{"key":"7172_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2021.106923","volume":"119","author":"W Alex Mason","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alex Mason W, Patwardhan W, Fleming I, Stevens CB, James AL, Nelson TD, Espy JM, K. 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