{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:37:40Z","timestamp":1785346660091,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"25","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA ES103316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA ES103316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anal Bioanal Chem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic> extract (GbE) is a dietary supplement derived from an ethanolic extract of <jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic> leaves. Unfinished bulk GbE is used to make finished products that are sold as dietary supplements. The variable, complex composition of GbE makes it difficult to obtain consistent toxicological assessments of potential risk. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) observed hepatotoxicity in its rodent studies of a commercially available, unfinished GbE product, but the application of these results to the broader GbE supplement market is unclear. Here, we use a combination of non-targeted and targeted chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods to obtain profiles of 24 commercially available finished GbE products and unfinished standardized and unstandardized extracts with and without hydrolysis, then used principal component analysis to group unfinished products according to their similarity to each other and to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (SRM), and the finished products. Unfinished products were grouped into those that were characteristic and uncharacteristic of standardized GbE. Our work demonstrates that different analytical approaches produced similar classifications of characteristic and uncharacteristic products in unhydrolyzed samples, but the distinctions largely disappeared once the samples were hydrolyzed. Using our approach, the NTP GbE was most similar to two unfinished GbE products classified as characteristic, finished products, and the NIST GbE SRM. We propose that a simple analysis for the presence, absence, or amounts of compounds unique to GbE in unhydrolyzed samples could be sufficient to determine a sample\u2019s authenticity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Graphical abstract<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02839-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T07:03:10Z","timestamp":1598857390000},"page":"6789-6809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Comparison of phytochemical composition of Ginkgo biloba extracts using a combination of non-targeted and targeted analytical approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"412","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3087-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Season P.","family":"Kerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Aillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia V.","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene F.","family":"DeRose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Harnly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suramya","family":"Waidyanatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2839_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1088","volume":"104","author":"CV Rider","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rider CV, Walker NJ, Waidyanatha S. Getting to the root of the matter: challenges and recommendations for assessing the safety of botanical dietary supplements. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018;104(3):429\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2839_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.05.013","volume":"118","author":"NR Catlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Catlin NR, Collins BJ, Auerbach SS, Ferguson SS, Harnly JM, Gennings C, et al. How similar is similar enough? A sufficient similarity case study with Ginkgo biloba extract. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;118:328\u201339.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2839_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.01.013","volume":"1216","author":"TA van Beek","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Beek TA, Montoro P. Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A. 2009;1216(11):2002\u201332.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2839_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357021778970","volume":"54","author":"S Kressmann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kressmann S, Muller WE, Blume HH. Pharmaceutical quality of different Ginkgo biloba brands. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54(5):661\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"2839_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fransen HP, Pelgrom SMGJ, Stewart-Knox B, de Kaste D, Verhagen H. Assessment of health claims, content, and safety of herbal supplements containing Ginkgo biloba. Food Nutr Res. 2010;54:5221.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/fnr.v54i0.5221.","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v54i0.5221"},{"key":"2839_CR6","unstructured":"U.S. Pharmacopeia. Powdered Ginkgo Extract. 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