{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:16:32Z","timestamp":1786979792159,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOGV no. 8815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOGV no. 8815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["May 19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["May 19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["pp. 16712\u201316726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["pp. 16712\u201316726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Valencia and INCLIVA|VLC Biomedical Research Institute","award":["PI-2021-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-2021-004"]}]},{"name":"Universitat de Valencia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anal Bioanal Chem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The biosensor, named \u201cvirusmeter\u201d in this study, integrates quartz crystal microbalance technology with an immune-functionalized chip to distinguish between symptomatic patients with respiratory diseases and healthy individuals by analyzing exhaled air samples. Renowned for its compact design, rapidity, and noninvasive nature, this device yields results within a 5-min timeframe. Evaluated under controlled conditions with 54 hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients and 128 control subjects, the biosensor demonstrated good overall sensitivity (98.15%, 95% CI 90.1\u2013100.0) and specificity (96.87%, 95% CI 92.2\u201399.1). This proof-of-concept presents an innovative approach with significant potential for leveraging piezoelectric sensors to diagnose respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05407-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T11:04:21Z","timestamp":1719399861000},"page":"7369-7383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Real-world evaluation of a QCM-based biosensor for exhaled air"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"416","author":[{"given":"Augusto","family":"Juste-Dolz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeray","family":"Pall\u00e1s-Tamarit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Carballido-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Carrascosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Mor\u00e1n-Porcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Red\u00f3n-Badenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Gracia","family":"Pla-Roses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Tirado-Balaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Remolar-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Ortiz-Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethel","family":"Iba\u00f1ez-Echevarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Maquieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"5407_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Assembly to focus on ending COVID-19 pandemic and preparing for next one. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/19-05-2021-world-health-assembly-to-focus-on-ending-covid-19-pandemic-and-preparing-for-next-one. Accessed 1 Feb 2024"},{"key":"5407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tang JW, Tellier R, Li Y. Hypothesis: all respiratory viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are aerosol-transmitted. Indoor Air 2022;32:e12937 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.12937.","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12937."},{"key":"5407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp048051","volume":"350","author":"CJ Roy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roy CJ, Milton DK. Airborne transmission of communicable infection \u2014 the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1710\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmp048051.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang CC, Prather KA, Sznitman J, Jimenez JL, Lakdawala SS, Tufekci Z, Marr LC. Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Science 2021;373:eabd9149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abd9149.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149."},{"key":"5407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127452","volume":"259","author":"R Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen R, Yin H, Cole IS, Shen S, Zhou X, Wang Y, Tang S. Exposure, assessment and health hazards of particulate matter in metal additive manufacturing: a review. Chemosphere. 2020;259: 127452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127452.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"5407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-018-0264-2","volume":"15","author":"G Qin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qin G, Xia J, Zhang Y, Guo L, Chen R, Sang N. Ambient fine particulate matter exposure induces reversible cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in juvenile and older female mice. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2018;15:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12989-018-0264-2.","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"5407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.12.004","volume":"36","author":"CC Tseng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tseng CC, Li CS. Collection efficiencies of aerosol samplers for virus-containing aerosols. J Aerosol Sci. 2005;36:593\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2004.12.004.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"5407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103154","volume":"63","author":"S Grassin-Delyle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grassin-Delyle S, Roquencourt C, Moine P, Saffroy G, Carn S, Heming N, Fleuriet J, Salvator H, Naline E, Couderc LJ, Devillier P, Th\u00e9venot EA, Annane D. Metabolomics of exhaled breath in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a pilot study. EBioMedicine. 2021;63: 103154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103154.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"5407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c00512","volume":"8","author":"D Ghumra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghumra D, Shetty N, McBrearty K, Puthussery J, Sumlin B, Gardiner W, Doherty B, Magrecki J, Brody D, Esparza T, O\u2019Halloran J, Presti R, Bricker T, Boon A, Yuede C, Cirrito J, Chakrabarty R. Rapid direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in exhaled breath at the point of care. ACS Sens. 2023;8:3023\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.3c00512.","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"5407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Prussin AJ, Garcia EB, Marr LC. Total virus and bacteria concentrations in indoor and outdoor air. Environ Sci Technol Lett. 2015;2(4):84\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.5b00050.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5b00050"},{"key":"5407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125219","volume":"412","author":"HR Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim HR, An S, Hwang J. High air flow-rate electrostatic sampler for the rapid monitoring of airborne coronavirus and influenza viruses. J Hazard Mater. 2021;412: 125219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125219.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"5407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2011.582193","volume":"45","author":"M Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan M, Shen F, Yao M, Zhu T. Development of an automated electrostatic sampler (AES) for bioaerosol detection. Aerosol Sci Technol. 2011;45:1154\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2011.582193.","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"5407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim MO, Khan MQ, Ullah A, Duy NP, Zhu C, Lee JS, Kim IS. Development of VOCs gas sensor with high sensitivity using colorimetric polymer nanofiber: a unique sensing method. Mater Res Ex. 20191;6:105372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab42a5.","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab42a5"},{"key":"5407_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153930","volume":"599","author":"S Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang S, Choi J, Park GY, Kim HR, Hwang J. A novel and facile synthesis of Ag-doped TiO2 nanofiber for airborne virus\/bacteria inactivation and VOC elimination under visible light. Appl Surf Sci. 2022;599: 153930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.153930.","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02150-z","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhao J, Du T, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Liu Q. A gas sensor array for the simultaneous detection of multiple VOCs. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-02150-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5407_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asems.2024.100093","volume":"3","author":"K Lang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lang K, Liu T, Padilla DJ, Nelson M, Landorf CW, Patel RJ, Ballentine ML, Kennedy AJ, Shih W-S, Scotch A, Zhu J. Nanofibers enabled advanced gas sensors: a review. Adv Sensor Energy Mater. 2024;3(2): 100093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asems.2024.100093.","journal-title":"Adv Sensor Energy Mater"},{"key":"5407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05657","volume":"14","author":"B Shan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shan B, Broza YY, Li W, Wang Y, Wu S, Liu Z, Wang J, Gui S, Wang L, Zhang Z, Liu W, Zhou S, Jin W, Zhang Q, Hu D, Lin L, Zhang Q, Li W, Wang J, Liu H, Pan Y, Haick H. Multiplexed nanomaterial-based sensor array for detection of COVID-19 in exhaled breath. ACS Nano. 2020;14:12125\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.0c05657.","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"5407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2","volume":"26","author":"NHL Leung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Shiu EYC, Chan KH, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJP, Yen HL, Li Y, Ip DKM, Peiris JSM, Seto WH, Leung GM, Milton DK, Cowling BJ. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med. 2020;26:676\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"5407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.1c00312","volume":"6","author":"G Giovannini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giovannini G, Haick H, Garoli D. Detecting COVID-19 from breath: a game changer for a big challenge. ACS Sens. 2021;6:1408\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssensors.1c00312.","journal-title":"ACS Sens"},{"key":"5407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/2211068215580935","volume":"20","author":"X Ding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding X, Fronczek CF, Yoon JY. Biosensors for monitoring airborne pathogens. J Lab Autom. 2015;20:390\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2211068215580935.","journal-title":"J Lab Autom"},{"key":"5407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2956679","volume":"93","author":"J Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee J, Jang J, Akin D, Savran CA, Bashir R. Real-time detection of airborne viruses on a mass-sensitive device. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;93:13901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.2956679.","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"5407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2007.04.028","volume":"126","author":"TW Owen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Owen TW, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ, Cheng Q. Microgravimetric immunosensor for direct detection of aerosolized influenza A virus particles. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2007;126(2):691\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2007.04.028.","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"issue":"20","key":"5407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204395","volume":"19","author":"A Mujahid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mujahid A, Afzal A, Dickert FL. An overview of high frequency acoustic sensors\u2014QCMs, SAWs and FBARs\u2014chemical and biochemical applications. Sensors. 2019;19(20):4395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19204395.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111984","volume":"307","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang L. Metal-organic frameworks for qcm-based gas sensors: a review. Sens Actuators A Phys. 2020;307: 111984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2020.111984.","journal-title":"Sens Actuators A Phys"},{"key":"5407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112837","volume":"330","author":"F Fauzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fauzi F, Rianjanu A, Santoso I, Triyana K. Gas and humidity sensing with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) coated with graphene-based materials \u2013 a mini review. Sens Actuators A. 2021;330: 112837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112837.","journal-title":"Sens Actuators A"},{"key":"5407_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00261a010","volume":"55","author":"GG Guilbault","year":"1983","unstructured":"Guilbault GG. Determination of formaldehyde with an enzyme-coated piezoelectric crystal detector. Anal Chem. 1983;55:1682\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac00261a010.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"5407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00432-9","volume":"68","author":"MTSR Gomes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gomes MTSR, Nogueira PST, Oliveira JABP. Quantification of CO2, SO2, NH3, and H2S with a single coated piezoelectric quartz crystal. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2000;68:218\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00432-9.","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"5407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu K, Zhang C. Volatile organic compounds gas sensor based on quartz crystal microbalance for fruit freshness detection: a review. Food Chem. 2021;334:127615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127615.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127615"},{"key":"5407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"do Nascimento NM, Juste-Dolz A, Grau-Garc\u00eda E, Rom\u00e1n-Ivorra JA, Puchades R, Maquieira A, Morais S, Gimenez-Romero D. Label-free piezoelectric biosensor for prognosis and diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Biosens Bioelectron. 2017;90:166\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.004."},{"key":"5407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jandas PJ, Prabakaran K, Luo J, Derry Holaday MG. Effective utilization of quartz crystal microbalance as a tool for biosensing applications. Sens Actuators A Phys. 2021;331:113020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.113020"},{"key":"5407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-023-00413-w","volume":"24","author":"N Alanazi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alanazi N, Almutairi M, Alodhayb A. A review of quartz crystal microbalance for chemical and biological sensing applications. Sens Imaging. 2023;24:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11220-023-00413-w.","journal-title":"Sens Imaging"},{"key":"5407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1238\/physica.regular.059a00391","volume":"59","author":"MV Voinova","year":"1999","unstructured":"Voinova MV, Rodahl M, Jonson M, Kasemo B. Viscoelastic acoustic response of layered polymer films at fluid-solid interfaces: continuum mechanics approach. Phys Scr. 1999;59:391\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1238\/physica.regular.059a00391.","journal-title":"Phys Scr"},{"key":"5407_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngo VKT, et al. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as biosensor for the detecting of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;5:045004 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2043-6262\/5\/4\/045004.","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6262\/5\/4\/045004."},{"key":"5407_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santos A, Carvalho FC, Roque-Barreira MC, Zorzetto-Fernandes AL, Gimenez-Romero D, Monz\u00f3 I, Bueno PR. Evidence for conformational mechanism on the binding of TgMIC4 with \u03b2-galactose-containing carbohydrate ligand. Langmuir 2015;31(44):12111\u201312119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b03141.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b03141."},{"key":"5407_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Della Ventura B, Mauro M, Battaglia R, Velotta R. Quartz crystal microbalance sensors: new tools for the assessment of organic threats to the quality of water. In: Scozzari A, Mounce S, Han D, Soldovieri F, Solomatine D, editors. ICT for smart water systems: measurements and data science. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol 102. Cham: Springer; 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/698_2019_390.","DOI":"10.1007\/698_2019_390."},{"issue":"12","key":"5407_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122799","volume":"17","author":"A Alassi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alassi A, Benammar M, Brett D. Quartz crystal microbalance electronic interfacing systems: a review. Sensors. 2017;17(12):2799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s17122799.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"5407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3390\/s8010370","volume":"8","author":"A Arnau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arnau A. A review of interface electronic systems for AT-cut quartz crystal microbalance applications in liquids. Sensors. 2008;8(1):370\u2013411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s8010370.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"5407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","volume":"36","author":"A Savitzky","year":"1964","unstructured":"Savitzky A, Golay MJE. Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures. Anal Chem. 1964;36(8):1627\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac60214a047.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"5407_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10386","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2930733","volume":"19","author":"SN Songkhla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Songkhla SN, Nakamoto T. Signal processing of vector network analyzer measurement for quartz crystal microbalance with viscous damping. IEEE Sens J. 2019;19(22):10386\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2930733.","journal-title":"IEEE Sens J"},{"key":"5407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pleil JD, Ariel Geer Wallace M, Davis MD, Matty CM. The physics of human breathing: flow, timing, volume, and pressure parameters for normal, on-demand, and ventilator respiration. J Breath Res. 2021;15(4):042002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac2589.","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac2589"},{"key":"5407_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00784-9","volume":"407","author":"JE Haugen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haugen JE, Tomic O, Kvaal K. A calibration method for handling the temporal drift of solid state gas-sensors. Anal Chim Acta. 2000;407:23\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00784-9.","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"5407_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2021.12.004","volume":"27","author":"LE Breshears","year":"2022","unstructured":"Breshears LE, Nguyen BT, Robles SM, Wu L, Yoon JY. Biosensor detection of airborne respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. SLAS Technol. 2022;27:4\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.slast.2021.12.004.","journal-title":"SLAS Technol"},{"key":"5407_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Arribas LN, Juste-Dolz A, Peltomaa R, Gim\u00e9nez-Romero D, Morais S, Barderas R, Cuadrado C, Maquieira \u00c1, Benito-Pe\u00f1a E, Moreno-Bondi MC. Identification of high-affinity phage-displayed VH fragments by use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2021;340:129954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129954.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129954"},{"key":"5407_CR44","unstructured":"GeneTex SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Spike S1 antibody [HL6]. https:\/\/www.genetex.com\/Product\/Detail\/SARS-CoV-2-COVID-19-Spike-S1-antibody-HL6\/GTX635654#datasheet . Accessed 1 Feb 2024."},{"key":"5407_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pham YL, Beauchamp J. Breath biomarkers in diagnostic applications. Molecules 2021;26:5514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26185514.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185514"},{"issue":"1","key":"5407_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3390\/s110101177","volume":"11","author":"R Selyanchyn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Selyanchyn R, Korposh S, Wakamatsu S, Lee S-W. Respiratory monitoring by porphyrin modified quartz crystal microbalance sensors. Sensors. 2011;11(1):1177\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s110101177.","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5407_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4132","volume":"32","author":"S Capone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Capone S, Tufariello M, Forleo A, Longo V, Giampetruzzi L, Radogna AV, Casino F, Siciliano P. Chromatographic analysis of VOC patterns in exhaled breath from smokers and nonsmokers. Biomed Chromatogr. 2018;32: e4132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmc.4132.","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"5407_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2021.11.006","volume":"54","author":"P Boan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boan P, Jardine A, Pryce TM. Clinical associations of SARS-CoV-2 viral load using the first WHO International Standard for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Pathology. 2022;54:344\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathol.2021.11.006.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"5407_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson TJ, Nishida RT, Sonpar AP, Lin YCJ, Watson KA, Smith SW, Conly JM, Evans DH, Olfert JS. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in droplets and bioaerosols directly captured during breathing, speaking and coughing. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-07301-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07301-5."},{"key":"5407_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30232-2","volume":"20","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yan LM, Wan L, Xiang TX, Le A, Liu JM, Peiris M, Poon LLM, Zhang W. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:656\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30232-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5407_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","volume":"581","author":"R W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","unstructured":"W\u00f6lfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, M\u00fcller MA, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Vollmar P, Rothe C, Hoelscher M, Bleicker T, Br\u00fcnink S, Schneider J, Ehmann R, Zwirglmaier K, Drosten C, Wendtner C. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581:465\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5407_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2020.09.002","volume":"14","author":"MB Abid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abid MB, Chhabra S, Buchan B, Graham MB, Abedin S, Thapa B, D\u2019Souza A, George B, Hamadani M. Bronchoalveolar lavage-based COVID-19 testing in patients with cancer. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2021;14:65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hemonc.2020.09.002.","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther"},{"key":"5407_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100750","volume":"37","author":"R Waked","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waked R, Makhoul J, Saliba G, Chehata N, Mortada S, Zoghbi A, Choucair J, Haddad E. Are two consecutive negative RT-PCR results enough to rule out COVID-19? New Microbes New Infect. 2020;37: 100750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100750.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"}],"container-title":["Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00216-024-05407-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00216-024-05407-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00216-024-05407-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1732356174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00216-024-05407-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-024-05407-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-2642","1618-2650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-2642","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-2650","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures strictly adhered to established guidelines and regulations. Ethical approvals were granted by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of the La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, Spain, and the University General Hospital of Castellon, Spain. Additionally, the Health Centre at the Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia and the Fortuny nursing home in Valencia, Spain, permitted testing for their interns.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Exhaled air samples were monitored on-site at several locations, including La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, University General Hospital of Castellon, Health Centre at the Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, and Fortuny nursing home in Valencia. Sampling occurred from February 2nd, 2021, to November 24th, 2021. A total of 33 patients were analyzed at the University General Hospital of Castellon, and 21 patients were analyzed at La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital in Valencia, totaling 54 patients. Control subjects included 84 individuals from the UPV Health Centre \u201cJuana Portaceli,\u201d 25 from the Fortuny nursing home, 12 from La Fe Hospital, and 7 from the Hospital of Castellon, totaling 128. Special measures were taken to prevent the spread of the virus during sampling.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Source of biological material"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}