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Both compounds, which originate from wet strength agents used in paper production, pose significant health concerns: 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD are classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans and suspected to be carcinogenic in humans, respectively. This study presents a novel, automated analytical method for the analysis of a cold water extract\u2014a widely used procedure for isolating these analytes from paper products and cardboard boxes. Method development included the implementation of vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) with a focus on reducing solvent consumption and improving environmental sustainability and the systematic investigation of derivatization techniques. Optimization of the extraction solvent, extraction time, and derivatization parameters using vial-based and injector-based approaches resulted in a lean\u00a0and rapid method with low limits of detection (0.01 \u00b5g\/L for 1,3-DCP and 0.16 \u00b5g\/L for 3-MCPD). The method showed good precision with intra-day repeatabilities of 3.6\u20133.7% for 1,3-DCP and 3.6\u20135.9% for 3-MCPD and inter-day repeatabilities of 2.6\u20133.6% and 4.0\u20137.6%, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 100 to 102% for 1,3-DCP and from 90 to 99% for 3-MCPD. Comparative assessment with a reference method confirmed good precision and comparability of the method. Improved environmental performance was quantified by the analytical greenness metric for sample preparation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-025-06133-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T01:38:11Z","timestamp":1761010691000},"page":"6413-6425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automated vortex-assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction with injector-based derivatization for GC-MS\/MS analysis of 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in food contact paper products"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"417","author":[{"given":"Malte","family":"H\u00fcbschen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrian","family":"Brenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-4403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten C.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6133_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley A. Paper and paperboard packaging. In: Emblem A, Emblem H, editors. Packaging Technology: Woodhead Publishing; 2012. p. 178\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095701.2.178"},{"key":"6133_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m T, W\u00e5gberg L, Larsson T. On the nature of joint strength in paper-a review of dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing. 13th fundamental research symposium: The Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Society Cambridge, UK; 2005. p. 457\u2013562.","DOI":"10.15376\/frc.2005.1.457"},{"issue":"1","key":"6133_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2524\/jtappij.46.64","volume":"46","author":"K Takeshita","year":"1992","unstructured":"Takeshita K. Reduction of TOCL contaminants in polyaminoamide epichlorohydrin wet strength resins. 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TAPPI J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32964\/TJ17.09.519.","journal-title":"TAPPI J"},{"issue":"9","key":"6133_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1223353","volume":"33","author":"A Becalski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Becalski A, Zhao T, Breton F, Kuhlmann J. 2-and 3-monochloropropanediols in paper products and their transfer to foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2016;33(9):1499\u2013508.","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"issue":"10","key":"6133_CR7","first-page":"449","volume":"113","author":"B Brauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brauer B, Funke T, Schulz S. Determination of 3-MCPD (3-monochloro-1, 2-propanediol) and 1, 3-DCP (1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol) in water extracts of food commodities made of paper. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch. 2017;113(10):449\u201353.","journal-title":"Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch"},{"issue":"6","key":"6133_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2021.1903569","volume":"38","author":"R Korte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Korte R, Schulz S, Brauer B. Chloropropanols (3-MCPD, 1, 3-DCP) from food contact materials: gc-ms method improvement, market survey and investigations on the effect of hot water extraction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2021;38(6):904\u201313.","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"6133_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-024-01523-7","volume":"19","author":"C W\u00e4lchli","year":"2024","unstructured":"W\u00e4lchli C, Daniel J, Bohni N. Migration of chloropropanols 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP from paper straws into food simulants in comparison with cold water extraction. 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The employer had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or the decision to submit the work. The first author holds no commercial stake in the described method or its dissemination. The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Torsten Schmidt is a member of ABC\u2019s International Advisory Board, but was not involved in the peer review of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}