{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:54:13Z","timestamp":1791262453736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]],"date-time":"2012-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3235-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]],"date-time":"2012-09-27T22:42:15Z","timestamp":1348785735000},"page":"159-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Forces and moments generated by the human arm: variability and control"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. V.","family":"Terekhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Latash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. M.","family":"Zatsiorsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.12.012","volume":"43","author":"M Ackermann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ackermann M, van den Bogert AJ (2010) Optimality principles for model-based prediction of human gait. J Biomech 43:1055\u20131060","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138507","volume":"106","author":"KN An","year":"1984","unstructured":"An KN, Kwak BM, Chao EY, Morrey BF (1984) Determination of muscle and joint forces: a new technique to solve the indeterminate problem. J Biomech Eng 106:364\u2013367","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"3235_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00155-X","volume":"34","author":"FC Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson FC, Pandy MG (2001) Static and dynamic optimization solutions for gait are practically equivalent. J Biomech 34:153\u2013161","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR4","volume-title":"Variability and motor control","author":"LG Carlton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carlton LG, Newell KM (1993) Force variability and characteristics of force production. In: Newell KM, Corcos DM (eds) Variability and motor control. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL"},{"key":"3235_CR5","unstructured":"Cavanagh PR, Sanderson DJ (1986) The biomechanics of cycling: studies on the pedaling mechanics of elite pursuit riders. In: Burke ER (ed) The science of cycling, vol 1. Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, IL, pp 91\u2013122"},{"key":"3235_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90035-X","volume":"14","author":"RD Crowninshield","year":"1981","unstructured":"Crowninshield RD (1981) A physiologically based criterion of muscle force prediction in locomotion. J Biomech 14:793\u2013801","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2137-1","volume":"163","author":"D Domkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Domkin D, Laczko J, Djupsj\u00f6backa M, Jaric S, Latash ML (2005) Joint angle variability in 3D bimanual pointing: uncontrolled manifold analysis. Exp Brain Res 163:44\u201357","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.626812","volume":"43","author":"J Friedman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friedman J, Latash M, Zatsiorsky V (2011) Directional variability of the isometric force vector produced by the human hand in multijoint planar tasks. J Mot Behav 43:451\u2013463","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"3235_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1299\/kikaic.63.769","volume":"63","author":"T Fujikawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fujikawa T (1997) Functional coordination control of pairs of antagonistic muscles. Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng 63:769\u2013776","journal-title":"Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng"},{"key":"3235_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2074-z","volume":"161","author":"F Gao","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gao F, Latash ML, Zatsiorsky VM (2005) Control of finger force direction in the flexion-extension plane. Exp Brain Res 161:307\u2013315","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138108924891","volume":"24","author":"DW Grieve","year":"1981","unstructured":"Grieve DW, Pheasant ST (1981) Naturally preferred directions for the exertion of maximal manual forces. Ergonomics 24:685\u2013693","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"3235_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/29528","volume":"394","author":"CM Harris","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harris CM, Wolpert DM (1998) Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature 394:780\u2013784","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"3235_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90375-W","volume":"24","author":"W Herzog","year":"1991","unstructured":"Herzog W, Leonard TR (1991) Validation of optimization models that estimate the forces exerted by synergistic muscles. J Biomech 24(Supplement 1):31\u201339","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019397","volume":"457","author":"R Jacobs","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jacobs R, van Ingen Schenau GJ (1992) Control of an external force in leg extensions in humans. J Physiol 457:611\u2013626","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3235_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2213-7","volume":"203","author":"S Kapur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kapur S, Friedman J, Zatsiorsky V, Latash M (2010) Finger interaction in a three-dimensional pressing task. Exp Brain Res 203:101\u2013118","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90274.2008","volume":"100","author":"JJ Kutch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kutch JJ, Kuo AD, Bloch AM, Rymer WZ (2008) Endpoint force fluctuations reveal flexible rather than synergistic patterns of muscle cooperation. J Neurophysiol 100:2455\u20132471","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"3235_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1196-4","volume":"146","author":"M Latash","year":"2002","unstructured":"Latash M, Scholz J, Danion F, Sch\u00f6ner G (2002) Finger coordination during discrete and oscillatory force production tasks. Exp Brain Res 146:419\u2013432","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050343","volume":"119","author":"Z-M Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li Z-M, Latash ML, Zatsiorsky VM (1998) Force sharing among fingers as a model of the redundancy problem. Exp Brain Res 119:276\u2013286","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.5.2140","volume":"81","author":"E Nakano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nakano E, Imamizu H, Osu R, Uno Y, Gomi H, Yoshioka T, Kawato M (1999) Quantitative examinations of internal representations for arm trajectory planning: minimum commanded torque change model. J Neurophysiol 81:2140\u20132155","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"3235_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.14.1.37","volume":"14","author":"KM Newell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Newell KM, Carlton LG (1988) Force variability in isometric responses. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 14:37\u201344","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"3235_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596851.ch-001","volume-title":"Movement system variability","author":"KM Newell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newell KM, Deutsch KM, Sosnoff JJ, Mayer-Kress G (2006) Variability in motor output as noise. In: Davids K, Bennett S, Newell KM (eds) Movement system variability. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, pp 3\u201322"},{"issue":"2","key":"3235_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.16.2.195","volume":"16","author":"X Niu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Niu X, Terekhov AV, Latash ML, Zatsiorsky VM (2011) Reconstruction of the unknown optimization cost functions from experimental recordings during static multi-finger prehension. Mot Control 16(2):195\u2013228","journal-title":"Mot Control"},{"key":"3235_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.650735","volume":"44","author":"X Niu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niu X, Latash ML, Zatsiorsky VM (2012) Reproducibility and variability of the cost functions reconstructed from experimental recordings in multifinger prehension. J Mot Behav 44:69\u201385","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"3235_CR24","first-page":"377","volume":"23","author":"Y Nubar","year":"1961","unstructured":"Nubar Y, Contini R (1961) A minimal principle in biomechanics. Bull Math Biol 23:377\u2013391","journal-title":"Bull Math Biol"},{"key":"3235_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00799.2004","volume":"93","author":"P Pan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pan P (2005) Static single-arm force generation with kinematic constraints. J Neurophysiol 93:2752\u20132765","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"3235_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(91)90321-D","volume":"24","author":"MG Pandy","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pandy MG, Zajac FE (1991) Optimal muscular coordination strategies for jumping. J Biomech 24:1\u201310","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2440-y","volume":"207","author":"J Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park J, Zatsiorsky V, Latash M (2010) Optimality vs. variability: an example of multi-finger redundant tasks. Exp Brain Res 207:119\u2013132","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2692-1","volume":"212","author":"J Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park J, Sun Y, Zatsiorsky V, Latash M (2011a) Age-related changes in optimality and motor variability: an example of multifinger redundant tasks. Exp Brain Res 212:1\u201318","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2011.568990","volume":"43","author":"J Park","year":"2011","unstructured":"Park J, Zatsiorsky VM, Latash ML (2011b) Finger coordination under artificial changes in finger strength feedback: a study using analytical inverse optimization. J Mot Behav 43:229\u2013235","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"3235_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2963-x","volume":"216","author":"J Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park J, Singh T, Zatsiorsky V, Latash M (2012) Optimality versus variability: effect of fatigue in multi-finger redundant tasks. Exp Brain Res 216:591\u2013607","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.4.1.1","volume":"4","author":"BI Prilutsky","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prilutsky BI (2000) Coordination of two- and one-joint muscles: functional consequences and implications for motor control. Mot Control 4:1\u201344","journal-title":"Mot Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"3235_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200201000-00007","volume":"30","author":"BI Prilutsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Prilutsky BI, Zatsiorsky V (2002) Optimization-based models of muscle coordination. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30(1):32\u201338","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"3235_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00097-5","volume":"34","author":"RT Raikova","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raikova RT, Prilutsky BI (2001) Sensitivity of predicted muscle forces to parameters of the optimization-based human leg model revealed by analytical and numerical analyses. J Biomech 34:1243\u20131255","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.86.5.415","volume":"47","author":"RA Schmidt","year":"1979","unstructured":"Schmidt RA, Zelaznik H, Hawkins B, Frank JS, Quinn JT Jr (1979) Motor-output variability: a theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychol Rev 47:415\u2013451","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3235_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.04.023","volume":"40","author":"NJ Seo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seo NJ, Armstrong TJ, Ashton-Miller JA, Chaffin DB (2007) The effect of torque direction and cylindrical handle diameter on the coupling between the hand and a cylindrical handle. J Biomech 40:3236\u20133243","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1980.10735208","volume":"12","author":"DE Sherwood","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sherwood DE, Schmidt RA (1980) The relationship between force and force variability in minimal and near-maximal static and dynamic contractions. J Mot Behav 12:75\u201389","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"3235_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1988.10735436","volume":"20","author":"DE Sherwood","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sherwood DE, Schmidt RA, Walter CB (1988a) The force\/force-variability relationship under controlled temporal conditions. J Mot Behav 20:106\u2013116","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"3235_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00247580","volume":"69","author":"DE Sherwood","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sherwood DE, Schmidt RA, Walter CB (1988b) Rapid movements with reversals in direction. II. Control of movement amplitude and inertial load. Exp Brain Res 69:355\u2013367","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR39","first-page":"457","volume":"157","author":"JK Shim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shim JK, Latash ML, Zatsiorsky VM (2004) Finger coordination during moment production on a mechanically fixed object. Exp Brain Res 157:457\u2013467","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.25.3.837","volume":"25","author":"AB Slifkin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Slifkin AB, Newell KM (1999) Noise, information transmission, and force variability. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 25:837\u2013851","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"key":"3235_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.15.030192.001123","volume":"15","author":"JF Soechting","year":"1992","unstructured":"Soechting JF (1992) Moving in three-dimensional space: frames of reference, vectors, and coordinate systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 15:167\u2013191","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"3235_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-011-0421-2","volume":"104","author":"A Terekhov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terekhov A, Zatsiorsky V (2011) Analytical and numerical analysis of inverse optimization problems: conditions of uniqueness and computational methods. Biol Cybern 104:75\u201393","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"3235_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-009-0306-3","volume":"61","author":"A Terekhov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Terekhov A, Pesin Y, Niu X, Latash M, Zatsiorsky V (2010) An analytical approach to the problem of inverse optimization with additive objective functions: an application to human prehension. J Math Biol 61:423\u2013453","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"3235_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v25.i4-5.20","volume":"25","author":"D Tsirakos","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tsirakos D, Baltzopoulos V, Bartlett R (1997) Inverse optimization: functional and physiological considerations related to the force-sharing problem. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 25:371\u2013407","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3235_CR45","unstructured":"Valero-Cuevas FJ (1997) Muscle coordination of the human index finger. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA"},{"key":"3235_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90324.2008","volume":"102","author":"FJ Valero-Cuevas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Valero-Cuevas FJ, Venkadesan M, Todorov E (2009) Structured variability of muscle activations supports the minimal intervention principle of motor control. J Neurophysiol 102:59\u201368","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"3235_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.313br.x","volume":"508","author":"BM Bolhuis van","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Bolhuis BM, Gielen CCAM, van Ingen Schenau GJ (1998) Activation patterns of mono- and bi-articular arm muscles as a function of force and movement direction of the wrist in humans. J Physiol 508:313\u2013324","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3235_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Woude LHV, Veeger HEJ, Dallmeijer AJ (2000) Manual wheelchair propulsion. In: Zatsiorsky VM (ed) Biomechanics in sport: performance enhancement and injury prevention. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 609\u2013636","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470693797.ch29"},{"key":"3235_CR49","unstructured":"Wada Y, Yamanaka K, Soga Y, Tsuyuki K, Kawato M (2006) Can a kinetic optimization criterion predict both arm trajectory and final arm posture? In: engineering in medicine and biology society, 2006. EMBS \u201906. 28th annual international conference of the IEEE, pp 1197\u20131200"},{"key":"3235_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198607","volume":"14","author":"AM Wing","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wing AM, Kristofferson AB (1973) Response delays and timing of discrete motor responses. Percept Psychophys 14:5\u201312","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"3235_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0602-8","volume":"176","author":"J-F Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang J-F, Scholz J, Latash M (2007) The role of kinematic redundancy in adaptation of reaching. Exp Brain Res 176:54\u201369","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"3235_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(76)90119-6","volume":"9","author":"BP Yeo","year":"1976","unstructured":"Yeo BP (1976) Investigations concerning the principle of minimal total muscular force. J Biomech 9:413\u2013416","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3235_CR53","volume-title":"Kinetics of human motion","author":"VM Zatsiorsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky VM (2002) Kinetics of human motion. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL"},{"key":"3235_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-002-0321-6","volume":"87","author":"VM Zatsiorsky","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zatsiorsky VM, Gregory RW, Latash ML (2002) Force and torque production in static multifinger prehension: biomechanics and control. I. Biomechanics. Biol Cybern 87:50\u201357","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-012-3235-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-012-3235-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-012-3235-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T23:53:44Z","timestamp":1687737224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-012-3235-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-012-3235-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]}}}