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In this article, we discuss non-invasive brain stimulation techniques which aim to induce and quantify plasticity, the mechanisms and nature of their inherent variability and use such observations to review the idea that excessive and abnormal plasticity is a pathophysiological substrate of dystonia.\u00a0We have tried to define the tone of our review by a couple of Professor John Rothwell\u2019s many inspiring characteristics; his endless curiosity to refine knowledge and disease models by scientific exploration and his wise yet humble readiness to revise scientific doctrines when the evidence is supportive. We conclude that high variability of response to non-invasive brain stimulation plasticity protocols significantly clouds the interpretation of historical findings in dystonia research. There is an opportunity to wipe the slate clean of assumptions and armed with an informative literature in health, re-evaluate whether excessive plasticity has a causal role in the pathophysiology of dystonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05773-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T07:02:28Z","timestamp":1584946948000},"page":"1611-1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Plasticity and dystonia: a hypothesis shrouded in variability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6132-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sadnicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2866-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"5773_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.537","volume":"124","author":"G Abbruzzese","year":"2001","unstructured":"Abbruzzese G et al (2001) Abnormalities of sensorimotor integration in focal dystonia: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. 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