{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:57:09Z","timestamp":1790449029132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01NS673717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS673717"]}]},{"name":"Bell Family Endowed Chair"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-06009-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T14:03:47Z","timestamp":1609769027000},"page":"777-786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High intensity aerobic exercise improves information processing and motor performance in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5468-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anson B.","family":"Rosenfeldt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy Miller","family":"Koop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert H.","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay L.","family":"Alberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"6009_CR1","first-page":"725","volume":"121","author":"JL Alberts","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alberts JL, Tresilian JR, Stelmach GE (1998) The co-ordination and phasing of a bilateral prehension task. Influence Parkinson\u2019s Dis Brain 121(Pt 4):725\u2013742","journal-title":"Influence Parkinson's Dis Brain"},{"key":"6009_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31822cc71a","volume":"39","author":"JL Alberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alberts JL, Linder SM, Penko AL, Lowe MJ, Phillips M (2011) It is not about the bike, it is about the pedaling: forced exercise and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 39:177\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JES.0b013e31822cc71a","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"6009_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.015","volume":"24","author":"JL Alberts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alberts JL, Phillips M, Lowe MJ et al (2016) Cortical and motor responses to acute forced exercise in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 24:56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"6009_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, Machler M, Bolker BM, Walker SC (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1\u201348","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"6009_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0104","volume":"3","author":"EB Beall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Beall EB, Lowe MJ, Alberts JL, Frankemolle AM, Thota AK, Shah C, Phillips MD (2013) The effect of forced-exercise therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease on motor cortex functional connectivity. Brain Connect 3:190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2012.0104","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"6009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90060-D","volume":"31","author":"VJ Brown","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brown VJ, Schwarz U, Bowman EM, Fuhr P, Robinson DL, Hallett M (1993) Dopamine dependent reaction time deficits in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease are task specific. Neuropsychologia 31:459\u2013469","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"6009_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116633752","author":"D Burke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burke D, Linder S, Hirsch J et al (2016) Characterizing information processing with a mobile device: measurement of simple and choice reaction time. Assessment. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191116633752","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"6009_CR8","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic, New York, NY"},{"key":"6009_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.224","volume":"9","author":"A Conte","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conte A, Khan N, Defazio G, Rothwell JC, Berardelli A (2013) Pathophysiology of somatosensory abnormalities in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 9:687\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.224","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"6009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2331-9","volume":"165","author":"K Davranche","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davranche K, Burle B, Audiffren M, Hasbroucq T (2005) Information processing during physical exercise: a chronometric and electromyographic study. Exp Brain Res 165:532\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-005-2331-9","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6009_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.008","volume":"396","author":"K Davranche","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davranche K, Burle B, Audiffren M, Hasbroucq T (2006) Physical exercise facilitates motor processes in simple reaction time performance: an electromyographic analysis. Neurosci Lett 396:54\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.008","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6009_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.020","volume":"95","author":"G Ebersbach","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ebersbach G, Ebersbach A, Gandor F, Wegner B, Wissel J, Kupsch A (2014) Impact of physical exercise on reaction time in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease-data from the Berlin BIG Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95:996\u2013999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.10.020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"6009_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.1.167","volume":"104","author":"EV Evarts","year":"1981","unstructured":"Evarts EV, Teravainen H, Calne DB (1981) Reaction time in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 104:167\u2013186","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6009_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20162","volume":"77","author":"BE Fisher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fisher BE, Petzinger GM, Nixon K, Hogg E, Bremmer S, Meshul CK, Jakowec MW (2004) Exercise-induced behavioral recovery and neuroplasticity in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- lesioned mouse basal ganglia. J Neurosci Res 77:378\u2013390","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"6009_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309165","volume":"48","author":"CD Frith","year":"1986","unstructured":"Frith CD, Done DJ (1986) Routes to action in reaction time tasks. Psychol Res 48:169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00309165","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"6009_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00014-1","volume":"22","author":"J Gauntlett-Gilbert","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gauntlett-Gilbert J, Brown VJ (1998) Reaction time deficits and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22:865\u2013881","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"6009_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","volume":"23","author":"CG Goetz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR et al (2008) Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord 23:2129\u20132170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22340","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"6009_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3608-z","volume":"229","author":"SL Gorniak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gorniak SL, Machado AG, Alberts JL (2013) Force coordination during bimanual task performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Brain Res 229:261\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-013-3608-z","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6009_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.558","volume":"124","author":"B Haslinger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haslinger B, Erhard P, Kampfe N et al (2001) Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease before and after levodopa. Brain 124:558\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/124.3.558","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6009_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","volume":"50","author":"T Hothorn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical J 50:346\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.200810425","journal-title":"Biometrical J"},{"key":"6009_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.12.1168","volume":"55","author":"M Jahanshahi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jahanshahi M, Brown RG, Marsden CD (1992) The effect of withdrawal of dopaminergic medication on simple and choice reaction time and the use of advance information in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:1168\u20131176","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6009_CR22","volume-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and movement disorders","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Tolosa E (2015) Parkinson\u2019s disease and movement disorders, 6th edn. Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia, PA (Ch. 1)","edition":"6"},{"key":"6009_CR23","first-page":"307","volume":"35","author":"MJ Karvonen","year":"1957","unstructured":"Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala O (1957) The effects of training on heart rate; a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 35:307\u2013315","journal-title":"Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn"},{"key":"6009_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19961028)374:4<578::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"374","author":"AE Kincaid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kincaid AE, Wilson CJ (1996) Corticostriatal innervation of the patch and matrix in the rat neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 374:578\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19961028)374:4%3c578::AID-CNE7%3e3.0.CO;2-Z","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"6009_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleiman E (2017) EMAtools: data management tools for real-time monitoring\/ecological momentary. Assessment Data. R package version 0.1.3. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=EMAtools.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.EMAtools"},{"key":"6009_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01060-9","volume":"815","author":"Y Kutukcu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kutukcu Y, Marks WJ Jr, Goodin DS, Aminoff MJ (1999) Simple and choice reaction time in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Res 815:367\u2013372","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"6009_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","volume":"26","author":"Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Kurtis MM, Chaudhuri KR, NMSS Validation Group","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Kurtis MM, Chaudhuri KR, NMSS Validation Group (2011) The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26:399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23462","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"6009_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.02.031","volume":"399","author":"M Miller Koop","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller Koop M, Rosenfeldt AB, Alberts JL (2019) Mobility improves after high intensity aerobic exercise in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 399:187\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.02.031","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6009_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04942.x","volume":"24","author":"A Nagy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nagy A, Eordegh G, Paroczy Z, Markus Z, Benedek G (2006) Multisensory integration in the basal ganglia. Eur J Neurosci 24:917\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04942.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"6009_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5291","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1069-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"GM Petzinger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petzinger GM, Walsh JP, Akopian G et al (2007) Effects of treadmill exercise on dopaminergic transmission in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mouse model of basal ganglia injury. J Neurosci 27:5291\u20135300","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6009_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-150021","volume":"1","author":"GM Petzinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petzinger GM, Holschneider DP, Fisher BE et al (2015) The effects of exercise on dopamine neurotransmission in parkinson\u2019s disease: targeting neuroplasticity to modulate basal ganglia circuitry. Brain Plast 1:29\u201339","journal-title":"Brain Plast"},{"key":"6009_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308328726","volume":"23","author":"AL Ridgel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ridgel AL, Vitek JL, Alberts JL (2009) Forced, not voluntary, exercise improves motor function in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23:600\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968308328726","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"6009_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0313-5","volume":"15","author":"AB Rosenfeldt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenfeldt AB, Rasanow M, Penko AL, Beall EB, Alberts JL (2015) The cyclical lower extremity exercise for Parkinson\u2019s trial (CYCLE): methodology for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 15:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-015-0313-5","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"6009_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9725089","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9725089","volume":"6","author":"AB Rosenfeldt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenfeldt AB, Dey T, Alberts JL (2016) Aerobic exercise preserves olfaction function in individuals with parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsons Dis 6:9725089. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9725089","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"6009_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2014.0328","volume":"6","author":"C Shah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah C, Beall EB, Frankemolle AM, Penko A, Phillips MD, Lowe MJ, Alberts JL (2016) Exercise therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease: pedaling rate is related to changes in motor connectivity. Brain Connect 6:25\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2014.0328","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"6009_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00180","volume":"5","author":"A Tessitore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tessitore A, Giordano A, De Micco R, Russo A, Tedeschi G (2014) Sensorimotor connectivity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: the role of functional neuroimaging. Front Neurol 5:180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2014.00180","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6009_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1359868","volume":"2","author":"M Uygur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uygur M, Bellumori M, Knight CA (2017) Effects of a low-resistance, interval bicycling intervention in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Physiother Theory Pract 2:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593985.2017.1359868","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"6009_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23407","volume":"25","author":"MG Vuckovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vuckovic MG, Li Q, Fisher B et al (2010) Exercise elevates dopamine D2 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: in vivo imaging with [(1)(8)F]fallypride. Mov Disord 25:2777\u20132784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23407","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"6009_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(98)00010-8","volume":"4","author":"J Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wang J, Thomas JR, Stelmach GE (1998) A meta-analysis on cognitive slowing in Parkinson\u2019s disease: are simple and choice reaction times differentially impaired? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 4:17\u201329","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"6009_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00873517","volume":"241","author":"M Zappia","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zappia M, Montesanti R, Colao R, Quattrone A (1994) Usefulness of movement time in the assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 241:543\u2013550","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-020-06009-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-020-06009-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-020-06009-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T18:17:44Z","timestamp":1724177864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-020-06009-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["6009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-020-06009-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"JLA has authored intellectual property associated with the algorithm used in the control of the forced-exercise cycle and the development of the reaction time iPad application. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Cleveland Clinic.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Prior to participation, all participants underwent an informed consent process approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Cleveland Clinic.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors consent to this work being published. It is not under review at any other journal.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}}]}}