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To shed light on this matter we studied 137 patients with acute ischaemic left-hemisphere stroke and performed support vector regression-based, multivariate lesion\u2013symptom mapping. Thirty-three patients presented with either SA or OA. These two symptoms mostly co-occurred (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928), except for few patients with isolated SA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) or OA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093). All patient with either SA or OA presented with aphasia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and these symptoms were highly associated with apraxia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Co-occurring SA and OA were predominantly associated with insular lesions, while the insula was completely spared in the five patients with isolated SA or OA. Isolated SA occurred in case of frontal lesions (prefrontal gyrus and superior longitudinal fasciculus), while isolated OA occurred in case of either temporoparietal or striatocapsular lesions. Our study supports the notion of a predominant, but not exclusive, role of the insula in verbal and non-verbal oral praxis, and indicates that frontal regions may contribute exclusively to verbal oral praxis, while temporoparietal and striatocapsular regions contribute to non-verbal oral praxis. However, since tests for SA and OA so far intrinsically also investigate aphasia and apraxia, refined tests are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06224-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T16:40:41Z","timestamp":1634316041000},"page":"39-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Speech apraxia and oral apraxia: association or dissociation? A multivariate lesion\u2013symptom mapping study in acute stroke patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"240","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8532-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Conterno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"K\u00fcmmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Dressing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volkmar","family":"Glauche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Urbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Weiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Rijntjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"6224_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0257-x","volume":"214","author":"H Ackermann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ackermann H, Riecker A (2010) The contribution(s) of the insula to speech production: a review of the clinical and functional imaging literature. 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The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all patients. In cases of severe aphasia, detailed information was given to the patient\u2019s relatives or legal guardian.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material (data transparency)"}}]}}