{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T06:06:04Z","timestamp":1793685964157,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"ford research and advanced engineering"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001833","name":"vrije universiteit amsterdam","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019926","name":"netherlands organisation for applied scientific research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019926","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To mitigate motion sickness in self-driving cars and virtual reality, one should be able to quantify its progression unambiguously. Self-report rating scales either focus on general feelings of unpleasantness or specific symptomatology. Although one generally feels worse as symptoms progress, there is anecdotal evidence suggesting a non-monotonic relationship between unpleasantness and symptomatology. This implies that individuals could (temporarily) feel better as symptoms progress, which could trouble an unambiguous measurement of motion sickness progression. Here we explicitly investigated the temporal development of both unpleasantness and symptomatology using subjective reports, as well as their mutual dependence using psychophysical scaling techniques. We found symptoms to manifest in a fixed order, while unpleasantness increased non-monotonically. Later manifesting symptoms were generally judged as more unpleasant, except for a reduction at the onset of nausea, which corresponded to feeling better. Although we cannot explicate the origin of this reduction, its existence is of importance to the quantification of motion sickness. Specifically, the reduction at nausea onset implies that rating how bad someone feels does not give you an answer to the question of how close someone is to the point of vomiting. We conclude that unpleasantness can unambiguously be inferred from symptomatology, but an ambiguity exists when inferring symptomatology from unpleasantness. These results speak in favor of rating symptomatology when prioritizing an unambiguous quantification of motion sickness progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06226-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T17:04:06Z","timestamp":1633021446000},"page":"3615-3624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["How feelings of unpleasantness develop during the progression of motion sickness symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"239","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-4180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. J. C.","family":"Reuten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. A. E.","family":"Nooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1494-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. E.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. B. J.","family":"Smeets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6226_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-150541","volume":"25","author":"JE Bos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bos JE (2015) Less sickness with more motion and\/or mental distraction. J Vestib Res 25(1):23\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/VES-150541","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"6226_CR2","first-page":"1111","volume":"76","author":"JE Bos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bos JE, MacKinnon SN, Patterson A (2005) Motion sickness symptoms in a ship motion simulator: effects of inside, outside, and no view. Aviat Space Environ Med 76(12):1111\u20131118","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"6226_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-200005","author":"Y-H Cha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cha Y-H, Golding J, Keshavarz B, Furman J, Kim J-S, Lopez-Escamez JA, Magnusson M, Yates BJ, Lawson BD, Staab J, Bisdorff A (2021) Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: consensus document of the classification committee of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny society. J Vestib Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/VES-200005 (Advance online publication)","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"6226_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5009-1","volume":"235","author":"S D\u2019Amour","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u2019Amour S, Bos JE, Keshavarz B (2017) The efficacy of airflow and seat vibration on reducing visually induced motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 235(9):2811\u20132820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-017-5009-1","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6226_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.09.009","volume":"53","author":"C Diels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diels C, Bos JE (2016) Self-driving carsickness. Appl Ergon 53:374\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.09.009","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"key":"6226_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97493-4","volume-title":"Motion sickness: a motion adaptation syndrome","author":"TG Dobie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobie TG (2019) Motion sickness: a motion adaptation syndrome. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-97493-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"6226_CR7","first-page":"649","volume":"75","author":"BE Donohew","year":"2004","unstructured":"Donohew BE, Griffin MJ (2004) Motion sickness: effect of the frequency of lateral oscillation. Aviat Space Environ Med 75(8):649\u2013656","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6226_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775992552","volume":"43","author":"MH Draper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Draper MH, Viirre ES, Furness TA, Gawron VJ (2001) Effects of image scale and system time delay on simulator sickness within head-coupled virtual environments. Hum Factors: J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 43(1):129\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872001775992552","journal-title":"Hum Factors: J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"6226_CR9","first-page":"115","volume":"72","author":"PJ Gianaros","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gianaros PJ, Muth ER, Mordkoff JT, Levine ME, Stern RM (2001) A questionnaire for the assessment of the multiple dimensions of motion sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med 72(2):115\u2013119","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6226_CR10","first-page":"491","volume":"63","author":"JF Golding","year":"1992","unstructured":"Golding JF, Kerguelen M (1992) A comparison of the nauseogenic potential of low-frequency vertical versus horizontal linear oscillation. Aviat Space Environ Med 63(6):491\u2013497","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6226_CR11","first-page":"188","volume":"72","author":"JF Golding","year":"2001","unstructured":"Golding JF, Mueller AG, Gresty MA (2001) A motion sickness maximum around the 0.2 Hz frequency range of horizontal translational oscillation. Aviat Space Environ Med 72(3):188\u2013192","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6226_CR12","first-page":"220","volume":"74","author":"JF Golding","year":"2003","unstructured":"Golding JF, Bles W, Bos JE, Haynes T, Gresty MA (2003) Motion sickness and tilts of the inertial force environment: active suspension systems vs. active passengers. Aviat Space Environ Med 74(3):220\u2013227","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"6226_CR13","first-page":"176","volume-title":"motion sickness","author":"A Hemingway","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hemingway A (1975) The relationship of air sickness to other types of motion sickness. In: Reason JT, Brand JJ (eds) motion sickness. Academic Press, Cambridge, p 176"},{"key":"6226_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.02.020","volume":"62","author":"J Iskander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iskander J, Attia M, Saleh K, Nahavandi D, Abobakr A, Mohamed S, Asadi H, Khosravi A, Lim CP, Hossny M (2019) From car sickness to autonomous car sickness: a review. Transport Res Part F: Traffic Psychol Behav 62:716\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trf.2019.02.020","journal-title":"Transport Res Part F: Traffic Psychol Behav"},{"key":"6226_CR15","unstructured":"ISO, 2631-1 (1997) Mechanical vibration and shock: evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (Second). International Organization for Standardization"},{"key":"6226_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-0028","author":"MLH Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones MLH, Sienko K, Ebert-Hamilton S, Kinnaird C, Miller C, Lin B, Park B-K, Sullivan J, Reed M, Sayer J (2018) Development of a vehicle-based experimental platform for quantifying passenger motion sickness during test track operations. SAE Tech Paper. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2018-01-0028","journal-title":"SAE Tech Paper"},{"issue":"3","key":"6226_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy RS, Lane NE, Berbaum KS, Lilienthal MG (1993) Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. Int J Aviat Psychol 3(3):203\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6226_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811403736","volume":"53","author":"B Keshavarz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keshavarz B, Hecht H (2011) Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness. Hum Factors: J Hum Factors Ergon Soc 53(4):415\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720811403736","journal-title":"Hum Factors: J Hum Factors Ergon Soc"},{"key":"6226_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","volume":"69","author":"HK Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim HK, Park J, Choi Y, Choe M (2018) Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment. Appl Ergon 69:66\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.12.016","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"2","key":"6226_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1963.17.2.611","volume":"17","author":"T Kuennapas","year":"1963","unstructured":"Kuennapas T, Wikstroem I (1963) Measurement of occupational preferences: a comparison of scaling methods. Percept Mot Skills 17(2):611\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1963.17.2.611","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"6226_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103068","volume":"85","author":"OX Kuiper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuiper OX, Bos JE, Diels C, Schmidt EA (2020) Knowing what\u2019s coming: anticipatory audio cues can mitigate motion sickness. Appl Ergon 85:103068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103068","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"8","key":"6226_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4008-8","volume":"232","author":"JR Lackner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lackner JR (2014) Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting. Exp Brain Res 232(8):2493\u20132510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-014-4008-8","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6226_CR23","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: design, implementation, and applications","author":"BD Lawson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawson BD (2014a) Motion sickness scaling. In: Hale KS, Stanney KM (eds) Handbook of virtual environments: design, implementation, and applications, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 601\u2013626","edition":"2"},{"key":"6226_CR24","first-page":"531","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: design, implementation, and applications","author":"BD Lawson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawson BD (2014b) Motion sickness symptomatology and origins. In: Hale KS, Stanney KM (eds) Handbook of virtual environments: design, implementation, and applications, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 531\u2013600","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"6226_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138608968289","volume":"29","author":"A Lawther","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lawther A, Griffin MJ (1986) The motion of a ship at sea and the consequent motion sickness amongst passengers. Ergonomics 29(4):535\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140138608968289","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"6226_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2019-9-4","author":"AKC Leung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leung AKC, Hon KL (2019) Motion sickness: an overview. Drugs Context. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7573\/dic.2019-9-4","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"6226_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984874","volume-title":"Magnitude scaling: quantitative measurement of opinions","author":"M Lodge","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lodge M (1981) Magnitude scaling: quantitative measurement of opinions. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks\u00a0"},{"key":"6226_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCauley ME, Royal JW, Wylie CD, O\u2019Hanlon JF, Mackie RR (1976) Motion sickness incidence: exploratory studies of habituation, pitch and roll, and the refinement of a mathematical model (NO. 1733-2). Canyon Research Group Incorporated","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA024709"},{"key":"6226_CR30","unstructured":"Nooij SAE, Pretto P, B\u00fclthoff HH (2017a) Why is vection making you sick? Cognitive factors in visually induced motion sickness [presentation]. In: 6th International conference on Visually Induced Motion Sensations (VIMS 2017), Toronto"},{"issue":"4","key":"6226_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175305","volume":"12","author":"SAE Nooij","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nooij SAE, Pretto P, Oberfeld D, Hecht H, B\u00fclthoff HH (2017b) Vection is the main contributor to motion sickness induced by visual yaw rotation: implications for conflict and eye movement theories. PLoS\u00a0One 12(4):e0175305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0175305","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6226_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245295","volume":"16","author":"SAE Nooij","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nooij SAE, Bockisch CJ, B\u00fclthoff HH, Straumann D (2021) Beyond sensory conflict: the role of beliefs and perception in motion sickness. PLoS\u00a0One 16(1):e0245295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0245295","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"6226_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hanlon JF, McCauley ME (1973) Motion sickness incidence as a function of the frequency and acceleration of vertical sinusoidal motion (NO. 1733-1). Canyon Research Group Incorporated, Goleta","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0768215"},{"key":"6226_CR34","volume-title":"Motion sickness","author":"JT Reason","year":"1975","unstructured":"Reason JT, Brand JJ (1975) Motion sickness. Academic Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"2","key":"6226_CR35","first-page":"166","volume":"41","author":"JT Reason","year":"1970","unstructured":"Reason JT, Graybiel A (1970) Changes in subjective estimates of well-being during the onset and remission of motion sickness symptomatology in the slow rotation room. Aerosp Med 41(2):166\u2013171","journal-title":"Aerosp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6226_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","volume":"20","author":"L Rebenitsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rebenitsch L, Owen C (2016) Review on cybersickness in applications and visual displays. Virtual Reality 20(2):101\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-016-0285-9","journal-title":"Virtual Reality"},{"key":"6226_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096","volume":"14","author":"D Saredakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saredakis D, Szpak A, Birckhead B, Keage HAD, Rizzo A, Loetscher T (2020) Factors associated with virtual reality sickness in head-mounted displays: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 14:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00096","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6226_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1418112","volume":"69","author":"SS Stevens","year":"1956","unstructured":"Stevens SS (1956) The direct estimation of sensory magnitudes: loudness. Am J Psychol 69(1):1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1418112","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6226_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/h0065439","volume":"21","author":"LL Thurstone","year":"1927","unstructured":"Thurstone LL (1927) The method of paired comparisons for social values. Psychol Sci Public Interest 21(4):384\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0065439","journal-title":"Psychol Sci Public Interest"},{"issue":"4","key":"6226_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1348\/000712699161594","volume":"90","author":"M Turner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Turner M, Griffin MJ (1999) Motion sickness in public road transport: the relative importance of motion, vision and individual differences. Br J Psychol 90(4):519\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000712699161594","journal-title":"Br J Psychol"},{"key":"6226_CR41","first-page":"153","volume":"2015","author":"J Venrooij","year":"2015","unstructured":"Venrooij J, Pretto P, Katliar M, Nooij SAE, Nesti A, L\u00e4chele M, de Winkel KN, Cleij D, B\u00fclthoff HH (2015) Perception-based motion cueing: validation in driving simulation. Proc Driv Simul Conf 2015:153\u2013161","journal-title":"Proc Driv Simul Conf"},{"issue":"1","key":"6226_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7771","DOI":"10.15282\/ijame.17.1.2020.23.0578","volume":"17","author":"N Yusof","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yusof N, Karjanto J, Terken JMB, Delbressine FLM, Rauterberg GWM (2020) Gaining situation awareness through a vibrotactile display to mitigate motion sickness in fully-automated driving cars. Int J Automot Mech Eng 17(1):7771\u20137783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15282\/ijame.17.1.2020.23.0578","journal-title":"Int J Automot Mech Eng"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06226-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06226-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06226-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T18:08:26Z","timestamp":1637172506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06226-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-021-06226-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Experimental protocols were in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki and received ethical approval from the Review Boards of the institutes where the experiments were realized.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Each subject signed an informed consent sheet prior to participating in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}