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Here, 30 participants (aged 19\u201346\u00a0years) were randomly assigned to a hypohydration (HYPO) or control (CON) group (both <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). Moderate hypohydration (~\u20092.4% loss in body mass) was produced in HYPO via active dehydration before a 46\u00a0min fluid restricted rest period was undertaken. The conclusion of rest coincided with when CON attended the facilities. Both groups undertook a discrete sequence production task consisting of 6 training blocks, and returned\u2009~\u2009300\u00a0min later to complete a delayed retention and transfer test while euhydrated. Bilateral pre-frontal cortex (PFC) haemodynamics were assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy throughout training and delayed learning assessments. Response time improved across training (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and was similar between the groups (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.22). Analysis of training PFC haemodynamics revealed a significant group by block interaction for oxygenated (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), but not deoxygenated haemoglobin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.77). In training block 1, bilateral O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb was higher in HYPO (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02), while bilateral O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>Hb increased in CON between blocks 2\u20133 and 5\u20136 (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.03). During the delayed retention and transfer test, no group differences or interactions were found in response time, response error, or PFC haemodynamics (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.27). Moderate hypohydration does increase PFC activation during motor skill learning, however, this appears to be transient and of little consequence to training or delayed retention or transfer performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06424-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T05:02:26Z","timestamp":1658811746000},"page":"2255-2268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hypohydration alters pre-frontal cortex haemodynamics, but does not impair motor learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"240","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-8724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen P. 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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained by the local institutional ethics committee (approval number 2016\/040). The procedures used in this study adhere with the requirements of the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent to publish was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}