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However, it is unclear whether oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are increased more by water-based or land-based exercise. We hypothesized that oxy-Hb concentrations in the PFC are higher during water-based exercise than land-based exercise when the exercise intensity is matched. To test this hypothesis, 10 healthy participants (age: 24.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u00a0years; height: 1.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04\u00a0m; weight: 69.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2\u00a0kg) performed light- to moderate-intensity cycling exercise in water (water-based cycling (WC); chest-high water at 30\u00a0\u00b0C) and on land (LC). Stroke volume, cardio output, heart rate, MAP, respiratory rate, PETCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and oxy-Hb in the PFC were assessed during 15\u00a0min of exercise, with exercise intensity increased every 5\u00a0min. Both WC and LC significantly increased oxy-Hb concentrations in the PFC as exercise intensity was increased (intensity effect: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). There was no significant difference in oxy-Hb concentrations during WC and LC in most prefrontal areas, although significant differences were found in areas corresponding to the left dorsolateral PFC (exercise effect: <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Thus, WC and LC increase oxy-Hb concentrations in the PFC in a similar manner with increasing exercise intensity, but part of the PFC exhibits enhanced oxy-Hb levels during WC. The neural response of the PFC may differ during water-based and land-based exercise owing to differences in external information associated with water immersion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06583-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T02:54:35Z","timestamp":1679885675000},"page":"991-1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differences in the prefrontal cortex responses of healthy young men performing either water-based or land-based exercise at light to moderate intensity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-4789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Hashitomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Fukuie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Tarumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6583_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-016-0507-1","volume":"29","author":"AR Anwar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anwar AR, Muthalib M, Perrey S, Galka A, Granert O, Wolff S, Heute U, Deuschl G, Raethjen J, Muthuraman M (2016) Effective connectivity of cortical sensorimotor networks during finger movement tasks: a simultaneous fNIRS, fMRI, EEG study. 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