{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:54:35Z","timestamp":1775760875725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-023-06699-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T10:01:26Z","timestamp":1694340086000},"page":"2577-2590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Motor adaptation does not differ when a perturbation is introduced abruptly or gradually"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Ambika","family":"Bansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0045-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard Marius","family":"\u2019t Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udai","family":"Cauchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Eggert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1695-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Straube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise Y. P.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"6699_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00387.2018","volume":"122","author":"L Alhussein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alhussein L, Hosseini EA, Nguyen KP et al (2019) Dissociating effects of error size, training duration, and amount of adaptation on the ability to retain motor memories. J Neurophysiol 122:2027\u20132042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00387.2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00009.2015","volume":"113","author":"KM Bond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bond KM, Taylor JA (2015) Flexible explicit but rigid implicit learning in a visuomotor adaptation task. J Neurophysiol 113:3836\u20133849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00009.2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.50303","volume":"10","author":"ER Buch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Buch ER, Young S, Contreras-Vidal JL (2003) Visuomotor adaptation in normal aging. Learn Mem 10:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/lm.50303","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"6699_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00451.2017","volume":"118","author":"PA Butcher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Butcher PA, Ivry RB, Kuo S-H et al (2017) The cerebellum does more than sensory prediction error-based learning in sensorimotor adaptation tasks. J Neurophysiol 118:1622\u20131636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00451.2017","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00269.2021","volume":"126","author":"SK Coltman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coltman SK, van Beers RJ, Medendorp WP, Gribble PL (2021) Sensitivity to error during visuomotor adaptation is similarly modulated by abrupt, gradual, and random perturbation schedules. J Neurophysiol 126:934\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00269.2021","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00822.2009","volume":"103","author":"SE Criscimagna-Hemminger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Bastian AJ, Shadmehr R (2010) Size of error affects cerebellar contributions to motor learning. J Neurophysiol 103:2275\u20132284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00822.2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-021-00858-w","volume":"115","author":"T Eggert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eggert T, Henriques DYP, \u2018t Hart BM, Straube A (2021) Modeling inter-trial variability of pointing movements during visuomotor adaptation. Biol Cybern 115:59\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00422-021-00858-w","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"6699_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00745.2012","volume":"110","author":"TL Gibo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gibo TL, Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Okamura AM, Bastian AJ (2013) Cerebellar motor learning: are environment dynamics more important than error size? J Neurophysiol 110:322\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00745.2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.1.190","volume":"23","author":"H Heuer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heuer H, Hegele M (2008) Adaptation to visuomotor rotations in younger and older adults. Psychol Aging 23:190\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.23.1.190","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"6699_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54073","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54073","volume":"9","author":"C Hull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hull C (2020) Prediction signals in the cerebellum: beyond supervised motor learning. eLife 9:e54073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.54073","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"6699_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.084","volume":"116","author":"T Hulst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hulst T, van der Geest JN, Th\u00fcrling M et al (2015) Ageing shows a pattern of cerebellar degeneration analogous, but not equal, to that in patients suffering from cerebellar degenerative disease. Neuroimage 116:196\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.03.084","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"03","key":"6699_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185959","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.03.185959","volume":"07","author":"T Hulst","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hulst T, Mamlins A, Frens M et al (2020) Can we improve slow learning in cerebellar patients? bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.03.185959","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"6699_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00570.2013","volume":"111","author":"SJ Hussain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hussain SJ, Morton SM (2014) Perturbation schedule does not alter retention of a locomotor adaptation across days. J Neurophysiol 111:2414\u20132422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00570.2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900322","volume":"132","author":"HA Ingram","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ingram HA, van Donkelaar P, Cole J et al (2000) The role of proprioception and attention in a visuomotor adaptation task. Exp Brain Res 132:114\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002219900322","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6699_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005727","volume":"115","author":"FA Kagerer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kagerer FA, Contreras-Vidal JL, Stelmach GE (1997) Adaptation to gradual as compared with sudden visuo-motor distortions. Exp Brain Res 115:557\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/PL00005727","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6699_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.06.003","volume":"25","author":"FA Kagerer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kagerer FA, Contreras-Vidal JL, Bo J, Clark JE (2006) Abrupt, but not gradual visuomotor distortion facilitates adaptation in children with developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci 25:622\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2006.06.003","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"6699_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0021-y","volume":"1","author":"HE Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim HE, Morehead JR, Parvin DE et al (2018) Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity. Commun Biol 1:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-018-0021-y","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"6699_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2247-4","volume":"164","author":"J Klassen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klassen J, Tong C, Flanagan JR (2005) Learning and recall of incremental kinematic and dynamic sensorimotor transformations. Exp Brain Res 164:250\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-005-2247-4","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6699_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90334.2008","volume":"100","author":"J Kluzik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kluzik J, Diedrichsen J, Shadmehr R, Bastian AJ (2008) Reach adaptation: what determines whether we learn an internal model of the tool or adapt the model of our arm? J Neurophysiol 100:1455\u20131464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.90334.2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9568","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5061-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"SD McDougle","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDougle SD, Bond KM, Taylor JA (2015) Explicit and implicit processes constitute the fast and slow processes of sensorimotor learning. J Neurosci 35:9568\u20139579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5061-14.2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6699_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.2.341","volume":"19","author":"C Michel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Michel C, Pisella L, Prablanc C et al (2007) Enhancing visuomotor adaptation by reducing error signals: single-step (aware) versus multiple-step (unaware) exposure to wedge prisms. J Cogn Neurosci 19:341\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.2.341","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"6699_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220884","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220884","volume":"14","author":"S Modchalingam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Modchalingam S, Vachon CM, \u2018t Hart BM, Henriques DYP (2019) The effects of awareness of the perturbation during motor adaptation on hand localization. PLoS\u00a0One 14:e0220884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220884","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6699_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32068-8","volume":"13","author":"S Modchalingam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Modchalingam S, Ciccone M, D\u2019Amario S, \u2018T Hart BM, Henriques DYP (2023) Adapting to visuomotor rotations in stepped increments increases implicit motor learning. Sci Rep 13(1):5022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-32068-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6699_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01108","volume":"29","author":"JR Morehead","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morehead JR, Taylor JA, Parvin DE, Ivry RB (2017) Characteristics of implicit sensorimotor adaptation revealed by task-irrelevant clamped feedback. J Cogn Neurosci 29:1061\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01108","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"6699_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5282-7","volume":"236","author":"K-M Neville","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neville K-M, Cressman EK (2018) The influence of awareness on explicit and implicit contributions to visuomotor adaptation over time. Exp Brain Res 236:2047\u20132059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-018-5282-7","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6699_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199904060-00025","volume":"10","author":"EM Robertson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robertson EM, Miall RC (1999) Visuomotor adaptation during inactivation of the dentate nucleus. NeuroReport 10:1029\u20131034","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"6699_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11610","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1609-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"JE Schlerf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schlerf JE, Galea JM, Bastian AJ, Celnik PA (2012) Dynamic modulation of cerebellar excitability for abrupt, but not gradual, visuomotor adaptation. J Neurosci 32:11610\u201311617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1609-12.2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6699_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00654.2011","volume":"109","author":"JE Schlerf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schlerf JE, Xu J, Klemfuss NM et al (2013) Individuals with cerebellar degeneration show similar adaptation deficits with large and small visuomotor errors. J Neurophysiol 109:1164\u20131173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00654.2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6699_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040179","volume":"4","author":"MA Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith MA, Ghazizadeh A, Shadmehr R (2006) Interacting adaptive processes with different timescales underlie short-term motor learning. PLoS Biol 4:e179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040179","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"6699_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-010-0201-x","volume":"9","author":"JA Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor JA, Klemfuss NM, Ivry RB (2010) An explicit strategy prevails when the cerebellum fails to compute movement errors. Cerebellum 9:580\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-010-0201-x","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"6699_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3619-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"JA Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor JA, Krakauer JW, Ivry RB (2014) Explicit and implicit contributions to learning in a sensorimotor adaptation task. J Neurosci 34:3023\u20133032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3619-13.2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6699_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239032","volume":"15","author":"CM Vachon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vachon CM, Modchalingam S, \u2018t Hart BM, Henriques DYP (2020) The effect of age on visuomotor learning processes. PLoS\u00a0One 15:e0239032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0239032","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"6699_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.020","volume":"80","author":"K Vandevoorde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vandevoorde K, Orban de Xivry J-J (2019) Internal model recalibration does not deteriorate with age while motor adaptation does. Neurobiol Aging 80:138\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"6699_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3824-1","volume":"232","author":"S Werner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Werner S, Schorn CF, Bock O et al (2014) Neural correlates of adaptation to gradual and to sudden visuomotor distortions in humans. Exp Brain Res 232:1145\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-014-3824-1","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6699_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123321","volume":"10","author":"S Werner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Werner S, van Aken BC, Hulst T et al (2015) Awareness of sensorimotor adaptation to visual rotations of different size. PLoS\u00a0One 10:e0123321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123321","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06699-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06699-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06699-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T03:24:06Z","timestamp":1699500246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06699-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-023-06699-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.12.22.521654","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The protocols used in this study were approved by the York Human Participants Review Sub-committee and by the Ethics Committee of the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich (559\u201315).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}