{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:17:05Z","timestamp":1781068625340,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"The University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool with potential for managing neuromuscular fatigue, possibly due to alterations in corticospinal excitability. However, inconsistencies in intra- and inter- individual variability responsiveness to tDCS limit its clinical use. Emerging evidence suggests harnessing homeostatic metaplasticity induced via tDCS may reduce variability and boost its outcomes, yet little is known regarding its influence on neuromuscular fatigue in healthy adults. We explored whether cathodal tDCS (ctDCS) prior to exercise combined with anodal tDCS (atDCS) could augment corticospinal excitability and attenuate neuromuscular fatigue. 15 young healthy adults (6 males, 22 \u00b1 4 years) participated in four pseudo-randomised neuromodulation sessions: sham stimulation prior and during exercise, sham stimulation prior and atDCS during exercise, ctDCS prior and atDCS during exercise, ctDCS prior and sham stimulation during exercise. The exercise constituted an intermittent maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) for 10\u00a0min. Neuromuscular fatigue was quantified as an attenuation in MVC force, while motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude provided an assessment of corticospinal excitability. MEP amplitude increased during the fatiguing exercise, whilst across time, force decreased. There were no differences in MEP amplitudes or force between neuromodulation sessions. These outcomes highlight the ambiguity of harnessing metaplasticity to ameliorate neuromuscular fatigue in young healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-024-06874-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T04:02:55Z","timestamp":1719547375000},"page":"1999-2012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Metaplastic neuromodulation via transcranial direct current stimulation has no effect on corticospinal excitability and neuromuscular fatigue"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Madison R.","family":"Boda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavender A.","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell R.","family":"Goldsworthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-8298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simranjit K.","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"6874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-4027-4","volume":"119","author":"A Abdelmoula","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdelmoula A, Baudry S, Duchateau J (2019) Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation does not influence the neural adjustments associated with fatiguing contractions in a hand muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 119:597\u2013609","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2356","volume":"9","author":"WC Abraham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abraham WC (2008) Metaplasticity: tuning synapses and networks for plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:387","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)80018-X","volume":"19","author":"WC Abraham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Abraham WC, Bear MF (1996) Metaplasticity: the plasticity of synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci 19:126\u2013130","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00018-X","volume":"52","author":"WC Abraham","year":"1997","unstructured":"Abraham WC, Tate WP (1997) Metaplasticity: a new vista across the field of synaptic plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 52:303\u2013323","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"6874_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282564","volume":"600","author":"M Amann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amann M, Sidhu SK, McNeil CJ, Gandevia SC (2022) Critical considerations of the contribution of the corticomotoneuronal pathway to central fatigue. J Physiol 600:5203\u20135214","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01041.2018","volume":"126","author":"P Ansdell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, \u0160karabot J, Hicks KM, Simoes DCM, Thomas K, Howatson G, Hunter SK et al (2019) Menstrual cycle-associated modulations in neuromuscular function and fatigability of the knee extensors in eumenorrheic women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 126:1701\u20131712","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"6874_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1113\/JP280031","volume":"598","author":"P Ansdell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ansdell P, \u0160karabot J, Atkinson E, Corden S, Tygart A, Hicks KM, Thomas K, Hunter SK et al (2020) Sex differences in fatigability following exercise normalised to the power-duration relationship. J Physiol 598:5717\u20135737","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117413","volume":"224","author":"D Antonenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Antonenko D, Grittner U, Saturnino G, Nierhaus T, Thielscher A, Fl\u00f6el A (2021) Inter-individual and age-dependent variability in simulated electric fields induced by conventional transcranial electrical stimulation. NeuroImage 224:117413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117413Epub 2020 Oct 1. PMID: 33011418","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"6874_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.936","volume":"36","author":"JA Baecke","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE (1982) A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 36:936\u2013942","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6874_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","volume":"591","author":"G Batsikadze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batsikadze G, Moliadze V, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA (2013) Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. J Physiol 591:1987\u20132000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0790-2","volume":"179","author":"NM Benwell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benwell NM, Mastaglia FL, Thickbroom GW (2007) Differential changes in long-interval intracortical inhibition and silent period duration during fatiguing hand exercise. Exp Brain Res 179:255\u2013262","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6874_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.03.026","volume":"674","author":"M Biabani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biabani M, Farrell M, Zoghi M, Egan G, Jaberzadeh S (2018) The minimal number of TMS trials required for the reliable assessment of corticospinal excitability, short interval intracortical inhibition, and intracortical facilitation. Neurosci Lett 674:94\u2013100","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6874_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-01-00032.1982","volume":"2","author":"EL Bienenstock","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bienenstock EL, Cooper LN, Munro PW (1982) Theory for the development of neuron selectivity: orientation specificity and binocular interaction in visual cortex. J Neurosci 2:32\u201348","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010273","volume":"232","author":"TV Bliss","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bliss TV, Lomo T (1973) Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. J Physiol 232:331\u2013356","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.142356","volume":"79","author":"SF Cappa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cappa SF (2008) Current to the brain improves word-finding difficulties in aphasic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:364","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6874_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.031","volume":"8","author":"T Chew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chew T, Ho KA, Loo CK (2015) Inter- and intra-individual variability in response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at varying current intensities. Brain Stimul 8:1130\u20131137","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"6874_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.03.028","volume":"287","author":"M Christova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christova M, Rafolt D, Gallasch E (2015) Cumulative effects of anodal and priming cathodal tDCS on pegboard test performance and motor cortical excitability. Behav Brain Res 287:27\u201333","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6874_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05633.x","volume":"26","author":"F Cogiamanian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cogiamanian F, Marceglia S, Ardolino G, Barbieri S, Priori A (2007) Improved isometric force endurance after transcranial direct current stimulation over the human motor cortical areas. Eur J Neurosci 26:242\u2013249","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203771587","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"6874_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050621","volume":"124","author":"C Crone","year":"1999","unstructured":"Crone C, Johnsen LL, Hultborn H, Orsnes GB (1999) Amplitude of the maximum motor response (Mmax) in human muscles typically decreases during the course of an experiment. Exp Brain Res 124:265\u2013270","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6874_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410310001655741","volume":"22","author":"M Doherty","year":"2004","unstructured":"Doherty M, Smith P, Hughes M, Davison R (2004) Caffeine lowers perceptual response and increases power output during high-intensity cycling. J Sports Sci 22:637\u2013643","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"6874_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416631966","volume":"23","author":"A Fertonani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fertonani A, Miniussi C (2017) Transcranial electrical stimulation: what we know and do not know about mechanisms. Neuroscientist 23:109\u2013123","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"6874_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019486","volume":"460","author":"AJ Fuglevand","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fuglevand AJ, Zackowski KM, Huey KA, Enoka RM (1993) Impairment of neuromuscular propagation during human fatiguing contractions at submaximal forces. J Physiol 460:549\u2013572","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.012","volume":"51","author":"H Fujiyama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujiyama H, Hinder MR, Barzideh A, Van de Vijver C, Badache AC, Manrique CM, Reissig P, Zhang X et al (2017) Preconditioning tDCS facilitates subsequent tDCS effect on skill acquisition in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 51:31\u201342","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"6874_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.4.1725","volume":"81","author":"SC Gandevia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gandevia SC (2001) Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 81:1725\u20131789","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"6874_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021164","volume":"490","author":"SC Gandevia","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gandevia SC, Allen GM, Butler JE, Taylor JL (1996) Supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue: evidence for suboptimal output from the motor cortex. J Physiol 490(Pt 2):529\u2013536","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.058","volume":"719","author":"A Guerra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guerra A, L\u00f3pez-Alonso V, Cheeran B, Suppa A (2020) Variability in non-invasive brain stimulation studies: reasons and results. Neurosci Lett 719:133330","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6874_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31828d2923","volume":"45","author":"AM Hendy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hendy AM, Kidgell DJ (2013) Anodal tDCS applied during strength training enhances motor cortical plasticity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45:1721\u20131729","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6874_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01153-2","volume":"50","author":"U Herwig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herwig U, Padberg F, Unger J, Spitzer M, Sch\u00f6nfeldt-Lecuona C (2001) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of standard coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol Psychiatry 50:58\u201361","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6874_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.007","volume":"128","author":"YZ Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang YZ, Lu MK, Antal A, Classen J, Nitsche M, Ziemann U, Ridding M, Hamada M et al (2017) Plasticity induced by non-invasive transcranial brain stimulation: a position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 128:2318\u20132329","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6874_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12234","volume":"210","author":"SK Hunter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hunter SK (2014) Sex differences in human fatigability: mechanisms and insight to physiological responses. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 210:768\u2013789","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"6874_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272738","volume":"595","author":"A Jamil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamil A, Batsikadze G, Kuo HI, Labruna L, Hasan A, Paulus W, Nitsche MA (2017) Systematic evaluation of the impact of stimulation intensity on neuroplastic after-effects induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol 595:1273\u20131288","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0412","volume":"38","author":"B Kan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kan B, Dundas JE, Nosaka K (2013) Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on elbow flexor maximal voluntary isometric strength and endurance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38:734\u2013739","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"6874_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidgell DJ, Daly RM, Young K, Lum J, Tooley G, Jaberzadeh S, Zoghi M, Pearce AJ (2013) Different current intensities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation do not differentially modulate motor cortex plasticity. Neural Plast 2013, 603502","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/603502"},{"key":"6874_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.05.037","volume":"548","author":"GW Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim GW, Ko MH (2013) Facilitation of corticospinal tract excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation combined with voluntary grip exercise. Neurosci Lett 548:181\u2013184","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"6874_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f07be","volume":"80","author":"BM Kluger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kluger BM, Krupp LB, Enoka RM (2013) Fatigue and fatigability in neurologic illnesses: proposal for a unified taxonomy. Neurology 80:409\u2013416","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6874_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254888","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254888","volume":"16","author":"M Kristiansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kristiansen M, Thomsen MJ, N\u00f8rgaard J, Aaes J, Knudsen D, Voigt M (2021) Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation increases corticospinal excitability, while performance is unchanged. PLoS ONE 16:e0254888","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6874_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.07.017","volume":"56","author":"N Lang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lang N, Siebner HR, Ernst D, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Lemon RN, Rothwell JC (2004) Preconditioning with transcranial direct current stimulation sensitizes the motor cortex to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and controls the direction of after-effects. Biol Psychiatry 56:634\u2013639","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"6874_CR39","first-page":"181","volume":"9","author":"LM Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li LM, Uehara K, Hanakawa T (2015) The contribution of interindividual factors to variability of response in transcranial direct current stimulation studies. Front Cell Neurosci 9:181","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf238","volume":"125","author":"D Liebetanz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Liebetanz D, Nitsche MA, Tergau F, Paulus W (2002) Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability. Brain 125:2238\u20132247","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"6874_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","volume":"7","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Alonso","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Alonso V, Cheeran B, R\u00edo-Rodr\u00edguez D, Fern\u00e1ndez-Del-Olmo M (2014) Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms. Brain Stimul 7:372\u2013380","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"6","key":"6874_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a005710","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a005710","volume":"4","author":"C L\u00fcscher","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher C, Malenka RC (2012) NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTP\/LTD). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 4(6):a005710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a005710","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"6874_CR43","first-page":"499","volume":"88","author":"JW Magladery","year":"1951","unstructured":"Magladery JW, Porter WE, Park AM, Teasdall RD (1951) Electrophysiological studies of nerve and reflex activity in normal man. IV. The two-neurone reflex and identification of certain action potentials from spinal roots and cord. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 88:499\u2013519","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"6874_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.08.008","volume":"225","author":"P Marangolo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marangolo P, Marinelli CV, Bonifazi S, Fiori V, Ceravolo MG, Provinciali L, Tomaiuolo F (2011) Electrical stimulation over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) determines long-term effects in the recovery of speech apraxia in three chronic aphasics. Behav Brain Res 225:498\u2013504","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"6874_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00924.2009","volume":"103","author":"K Monte-Silva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monte-Silva K, Kuo MF, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, Nitsche MA (2010) Shaping the optimal repetition interval for cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). J Neurophysiol 103:1735\u20131740","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6874_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.135277","volume":"79","author":"A Monti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monti A, Cogiamanian F, Marceglia S, Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vergari M, Zago S et al (2008) Improved naming after transcranial direct current stimulation in aphasia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:451\u2013453","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6874_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.12.012","volume":"205","author":"S Ngomo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ngomo S, Leonard G, Moffet H, Mercier C (2012) Comparison of transcranial magnetic stimulation measures obtained at rest and under active conditions and their reliability. J Neurosci Methods 205:65\u201371","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"6874_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2000) Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol 527:633\u2013639","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","volume":"57","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2001) Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57:1899\u20131901","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6874_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-002-1272-9","volume":"73","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Tergau F, Paulus W (2002) [Modulation of cortical excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation]. Nervenarzt 73:332\u2013335","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"6874_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00260","volume":"11","author":"C Norise","year":"2017","unstructured":"Norise C, Sacchetti D, Hamilton R (2017) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Post-stroke Chronic Aphasia: the impact of Baseline Severity and Task specificity in a pilot sample. Front Hum Neurosci 11:260","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw011","volume":"71","author":"K Oki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oki K, Mahato NK, Nakazawa M, Amano S, France CR, Russ DW, Clark BC (2016) Preliminary evidence that Excitatory Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation extends time to Task failure of a sustained, Submaximal muscular contraction in older adults. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci 71:1109\u20131112","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"6874_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97\u2013113","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"6874_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.12.42","volume":"9","author":"DA Orringer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Orringer DA, Golby A, Jolesz F (2012) Neuronavigation in the surgical management of brain tumors: current and future trends. Expert Rev Med Devices 9(5):491\u2013500","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"6874_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00628.2018","volume":"121","author":"LA Otieno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Otieno LA, Opie GM, Semmler JG, Ridding MC, Sidhu SK (2019) Intermittent single-joint fatiguing exercise reduces TMS-EEG measures of cortical inhibition. J Neurophysiol 121:471\u2013479","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6874_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otieno LA, Semmler JG, Smith AE, Sidhu SK (2022) Submaximal isometric fatiguing exercise of the elbow flexors has no age-related effect on GABAB-mediated inhibition. J Appl Physiol (1985) 132:167\u2013177","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00288.2021"},{"key":"6874_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.013","volume":"51","author":"MAK Peters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peters MAK, Thompson B, Merabet LB, Wu AD, Shams L (2013) Anodal tDCS to V1 blocks visual perceptual learning consolidation. Neuropsychologia 51:1234\u20131239","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"6874_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reis J, Schambra HM, Cohen LG, Buch ER, Fritsch B, Zarahn E, Celnik PA, Krakauer JW (2009) Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 1590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805413106"},{"key":"6874_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.190314","volume":"588","author":"MC Ridding","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ridding MC, Ziemann U (2010) Determinants of the induction of cortical plasticity by non-invasive brain stimulation in healthy subjects. J Physiol 588:2291\u20132304","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00585","volume":"11","author":"T Rudroff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudroff T, Workman CD, Fietsam AC, Kamholz J (2020) Response variability in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: why sex matters. Front Psychiatry 11:585","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"6874_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13098","volume":"1369","author":"R Sellaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sellaro R, Nitsche MA, Colzato LS (2016) The stimulated social brain: effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on social cognition. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1369:218\u2013239","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"6874_CR62","first-page":"201","volume":"9","author":"PP Shah-Basak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah-Basak PP, Norise C, Garcia G, Torres J, Faseyitan O, Hamilton RH (2015) Individualized treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia due to stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 9:201","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06103-x","volume":"239","author":"SK Sidhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sidhu SK (2021) Remote muscle priming anodal transcranial direct current stimulation attenuates short interval intracortical inhibition and increases time to task failure of a constant workload cycling exercise. Exp Brain Res 239:1975\u20131985","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6874_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13729","volume":"46","author":"SK Sidhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sidhu SK, Pourmajidian M, Opie GM, Semmler JG (2017) Increasing motor cortex plasticity with spaced paired associative stimulation at different intervals in older adults. Eur J Neurosci 46:2674\u20132683","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5316-03.2004","volume":"24","author":"HR Siebner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siebner HR, Lang N, Rizzo V, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Lemon RN, Rothwell JC (2004) Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex. J Neurosci 24:3379\u20133385","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00033","volume":"12","author":"M Simione","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simione M, Fregni F, Green JR (2018) The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Jaw Motor function is Task Dependent: Speech, Syllable Repetition and Chewing. Front Hum Neurosci 12:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00033","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"6874_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.02.018","volume":"46","author":"R Sparing","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sparing R, Hesse MD, Fink GR (2010) Neuronavigation for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): where we are and where we are going. Cortex 46:118\u2013120","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"6874_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021163","volume":"490","author":"JL Taylor","year":"1996","unstructured":"Taylor JL, Butler JE, Allen GM, Gandevia SC (1996) Changes in motor cortical excitability during human muscle fatigue. J Physiol 490(Pt 2):519\u2013528","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6874_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000923","volume":"48","author":"JL Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor JL, Amann M, Duchateau J, Meeusen R, Rice CL (2016) Neural contributions to muscle fatigue: from the brain to the muscle and back again. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2294\u20132306","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6874_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e384","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.194","volume":"49","author":"JJ Wan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wan JJ, Qin Z, Wang PY, Sun Y, Liu X (2017) Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment. Exp Mol Med 49:e384","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"6874_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081418","volume":"8","author":"PS Williams","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams PS, Hoffman RL, Clark BC (2013) Preliminary evidence that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances time to task failure of a sustained submaximal contraction. PLoS ONE 8:e81418","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6874_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120521","volume":"444","author":"C Xian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xian C, Barbi C, Goldsworthy MR, Venturelli M, Sidhu SK (2023) The interaction between metaplastic neuromodulation and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 444:120521","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06874-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06874-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06874-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T06:24:00Z","timestamp":1721111040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06874-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["6874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06874-z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.02.25.581971","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Adelaide and performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before involvement in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. As such, the authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}