{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:09:19Z","timestamp":1773356959344,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Translational Research Institute for Space Health","award":["NNX16AO69A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX16AO69A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-024-06984-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T05:23:33Z","timestamp":1735017813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation induces stochastic resonance in vestibular perceptual thresholds assessed efficiently using confidence reports"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Talie","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torin K.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Temple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.66","volume":"169","author":"Y Agrawal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agrawal Y, Carey JP, Della Santina CC et al (2009) Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults. Arch Intern Med 169:938\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.66","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"6984_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.04.022","volume":"48","author":"T Aihara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aihara T, Kitajo K, Nozaki D, Yamamoto Y (2008) Internal noise determines external stochastic resonance in visual perception. Vis Res 48:1569\u20131573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2008.04.022","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"6984_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2010.04.027","volume":"375","author":"T Aihara","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aihara T, Kitajo K, Nozaki D, Yamamoto Y (2010) How does stochastic resonance work within the human brain? \u2013 psychophysics of internal and external noise. Chem Phys 375:616\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemphys.2010.04.027","journal-title":"Chem Phys"},{"key":"6984_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91808-w","volume":"11","author":"L Assl\u00e4nder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assl\u00e4nder L, Giboin LS, Gruber M et al (2021) No evidence for stochastic resonance effects on standing balance when applying noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation in young healthy adults. Sci Rep 11:12327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-91808-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L453","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4470\/14\/11\/006","volume":"14","author":"R Benzi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Benzi R, Sutera A, Vulpiani A (1981) The mechanism of stochastic resonance. J Phys Math Gen 14:L453\u2013L457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0305-4470\/14\/11\/006","journal-title":"J Phys Math Gen"},{"key":"6984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00162","volume":"7","author":"MC Berm\u00fadez Rey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez Rey MC, Clark TK, Wang W et al (2016) Vestibular perceptual thresholds increase above the age of 40. Front Neurol 7:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2016.00162","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30348-x","volume":"13","author":"J Carriot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carriot J, McAllister G, Hooshangnejad H et al (2022) Sensory adaptation mediates efficient and unambiguous encoding of natural stimuli by vestibular thalamocortical pathways. Nat Commun 13:2612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-30348-x","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6984_CR8","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"J Casale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casale J, Browne T, Murray IV, Gupta G (2024) Physiology, vestibular system. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532978\/"},{"key":"6984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3354-7","volume":"225","author":"SE Chaudhuri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chaudhuri SE, Merfeld DM (2013) Signal detection theory and vestibular perception: III. Estimating unbiased fit parameters for psychometric functions. Exp Brain Res 225:133\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-012-3354-7","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6984_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01876-2","volume":"28","author":"TK Clark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clark TK, Merfeld DM (2021) Statistical approaches to identifying lapses in psychometric response data. Psychon Bull Rev 28:1433\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-021-01876-2","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"6984_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37575","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37575","volume":"6","author":"C Fujimoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujimoto C, Yamamoto Y, Kamogashira T et al (2016) Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation induces a sustained improvement in body balance in elderly adults. Sci Rep 6:37575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep37575","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6984_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00900","volume":"9","author":"C Fujimoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fujimoto C, Egami N, Kawahara T et al (2018) Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation sustainably improves posture in bilateral vestibulopathy. Front Neurol 9:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00900","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6984_CR13","unstructured":"Galvan-Garza R (2016) Enhancement of perception with the application of stochastic vestibular stimulation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology"},{"key":"6984_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.03.017","volume":"11","author":"RC Galvan-Garza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galvan-Garza RC, Clark TK, Mulavara AP, Oman CM (2018) Exhibition of stochastic resonance in vestibular tilt motion perception. Brain Stimul 11:716\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.03.017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"6984_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1017\/S113874160000514X","volume":"8","author":"MA Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez MA, Alcal\u00e1-Quintana R (2005) Sampling plans for fitting the psychometric function. Span J Psychol 8:256\u2013289","journal-title":"Span J Psychol"},{"key":"6984_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112504","volume":"194","author":"E G\u00f6k\u00e7e","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e E, Milot E, Langeard A, Quarck G (2024) Impact of repetitive home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation on cognitive skills in healthy older adults. Exp Gerontol 194:112504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112504","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"6984_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hupfeld KE, McGregor HR, Koppelmans V et al (2021) Brain and behavioral evidence for reweighting of vestibular inputs with long-duration spaceflight. Cereb Cortex 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab239","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab239"},{"key":"6984_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0407-6","volume":"15","author":"Y Inukai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inukai Y, Masaki M, Otsuru N et al (2018) Effect of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation in community-dwelling elderly people: A randomised controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 15:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-018-0407-6","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"6984_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000215","volume":"82","author":"S Iwasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iwasaki S, Yamamoto Y, Togo F et al (2014) Noisy vestibular stimulation improves body balance in bilateral vestibulopathy. Neurology 82:969\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000215","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6984_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00578","volume":"8","author":"F Karmali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karmali F, Rey MCB, Clark TK et al (2017) Multivariate analyses of balance test performance,vestibular thresholds, and age. Front Neurol 8:578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00578","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6984_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00083","volume":"9","author":"A Keywan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keywan A, Wuehr M, Pradhan C, Jahn K (2018) Noisy galvanic stimulation improves roll-tilt vestibular perception in healthy subjects. Front Neurol 9:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2018.00083","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6984_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.12.031","volume":"399","author":"A Keywan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keywan A, Jahn K, Wuehr M (2019) Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation primarily affects Otolith-mediated motion perception. Neuroscience 399:161\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.12.031","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"6984_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107751","volume":"152","author":"K Lajoie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lajoie K, Marigold DS, Vald\u00e9s BA, Menon C (2021) The potential of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation for optimizing and assisting human performance. Neuropsychologia 152:107751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107751","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"6984_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0329-y","volume":"172","author":"HG MacDougall","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacDougall HG, Moore ST, Curthoys IS, Black FO (2006) Modeling postural instability with galvanic vestibular stimulation. Exp Brain Res 172:208\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-005-0329-y","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6984_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57484","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.57484","volume":"9","author":"I Mackrous","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mackrous I, Carriot J, Cullen KE, Chacron MJ (2020) Neural variability determines coding strategies for natural self-motion in macaque monkeys. Elife 9:e57484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/ELIFE.57484","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"6984_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000348","volume":"5","author":"MD McDonnell","year":"2009","unstructured":"McDonnell MD, Abbott D (2009) What is stochastic resonance? Definitions, misconceptions, debates, and its relevance to biology. PLoS Comput Biol 5:e1000348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000348","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"6984_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1156796","volume":"17","author":"R McLaren","year":"2023","unstructured":"McLaren R, Smith PF, Taylor RL et al (2023) Scoping out noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation: a review of the parameters used to improve postural control. Front Neurosci 17:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1156796","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6984_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43019","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43019","volume":"7","author":"DE Mitchell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitchell DE, Kwan A, Carriot J et al (2018) Neuronal variability and tuning are balanced to optimize naturalistic self-motion coding in primate vestibular pathways. Elife 7:e43019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.43019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"6984_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.09.014","volume":"115","author":"F Moss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moss F, Ward LM, Sannita WG (2004) Stochastic resonance and sensory information processing: A tutorial and review of application. Clin Neurophysiol 115:267\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2003.09.014","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6984_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2633-z","volume":"210","author":"AP Mulavara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mulavara AP, Fiedler MJ, Kofman IS et al (2011) Improving balance function using vestibular stochastic resonance: optimizing stimulus characteristics. Exp Brain Res 210:303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2633-z","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"6984_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00117","volume":"9","author":"A Mulavara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mulavara A, Kofman I, DeDios Y et al (2015) Using low levels of stochastic vestibular stimulation to improve locomotor stability. Front Syst Neurosci 9:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00117","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"6984_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01680","volume":"9","author":"RA Ozdemir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ozdemir RA, Goel R, Reschke MF et al (2018) Critical role of somatosensation in postural control following spaceflight: vestibularly deficient astronauts are not able to maintain upright stance during compromised somatosensation. Front Physiol 9:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.01680","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6984_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756674","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.756674","volume":"15","author":"EJ Putman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Putman EJ, Galvan-Garza RC, Clark TK (2021) The effect of noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation on learning of functional mobility and manual control nulling sensorimotor tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 15:756674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.756674","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"6984_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3841-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"AD Schneider","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schneider AD, Jamali M, Carriot J et al (2015) The increased sensitivity of irregular peripheral canal and otolith vestibular afferents optimizes their encoding of natural stimuli. J Neurosci 35:5522\u20135536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3841-14.2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"6984_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8814-y","volume":"265","author":"R Schniepp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schniepp R, Boerner JC, Decker J et al (2018) Noisy vestibular stimulation improves vestibulospinal function in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. J Neurol 265:S57\u2013S62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-018-8814-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6984_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00301","volume":"9","author":"DR Temple","year":"2018","unstructured":"Temple DR, De Dios YE, Layne CS et al (2018) Efficacy of stochastic vestibular stimulation to improve locomotor performance during adaptation to visuomotor and somatosensory distortion. Front Physiol 9:301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2018.00301","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6984_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109559","volume":"374","author":"J Voros","year":"2022","unstructured":"Voros J, Rise R, Sherman S et al (2022) A machine learning approach to identify stochastic resonance in human perceptual thresholds. J Neurosci Methods 374:109559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109559","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"6984_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L11","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219477504001616","volume":"4","author":"LM Ward","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ward LM (2004) Psychophysics of stochastic resonance. Fluct Noise Lett 4:L11\u2013L21","journal-title":"Fluct Noise Lett"},{"key":"6984_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002748","volume":"86","author":"M Wuehr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wuehr M, Nusser E, Decker J et al (2016) Noisy vestibular stimulation improves dynamic walking stability in bilateral vestibulopathy. Neurology 86:2196\u20132202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002748","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6984_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8481-4","volume":"264","author":"M Wuehr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wuehr M, Decker J, Schniepp R (2017) Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation: an emerging treatment option for bilateral vestibulopathy. J Neurol 264:S81\u2013S86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-017-8481-4","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"6984_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00318.2015","volume":"115","author":"Y Yi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yi Y, Merfeld DM (2016) A quantitative confidence signal detection model: 1. Fitting psychometric functions. J Neurophysiol 115:1932\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00318.2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"6984_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00400.2016","volume":"122","author":"Y Yi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yi Y, Wang W, Merfeld DM (2019) A quantitative confidence signal detection model: 2. Confidence analysis. J Neurophysiol 122:904\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00400.2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06984-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06984-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06984-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T09:44:43Z","timestamp":1738662283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06984-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06984-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH) through NASA Cooperative Agreement NNX16AO69A. D.T. received the TRISH Postdoctoral Fellowship Award from 2022 to 2024. The other authors declare they have no financial or non-financial interests to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"34"}}