{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:16:19Z","timestamp":1760746579842,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012990","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Postdiction is a perceptual phenomenon where the perception of an earlier stimulus is influenced by a later one. This effect is commonly studied using the \u2018rabbit illusion\u2019, in which temporally regular, but spatially irregular, stimuli are perceived as equidistant. While previous research has focused on short inter-stimulus intervals (100\u2013200\u00a0ms), the role of longer intervals, which may engage late attentional processes, remains unexplored. This study investigates whether postdiction is purely perceptual or also involves attentional mechanisms by using visual stimuli separated by extended intervals. 33 participants (17 females) were assigned to two experimental groups with two different temporal inter-flash intervals (IFI) between stimuli (250\u00a0ms: 250-IFI group; 500\u00a0ms: 500-IFI). Two stimulation protocols of active transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and one control condition were tested on the left precuneus\/inferior parietal gyrus: (i) transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at the individual alpha frequency (IAF) (IAF-tACS); (ii) transcranial random noise stimulation across the whole alpha band (i.e., 8\u201312\u00a0Hz, Alpha-tRNS) and (iii) a placebo (Sham) stimulation. The postdiction phenomenon was observable in both experimental groups. The participants in the 500-IFI group demonstrated enhanced performance in detecting the illusion during the rabbit illusion task when IAF-tACS was applied. The behavioral results suggest that attentional functions, beyond perceptual ones, play a key role in the postdiction phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-025-07158-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T13:23:22Z","timestamp":1757424202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individual alpha frequency tACS modifies the detection of space\u2013time optical illusion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Neri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Catrambone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Cinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Scoccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Benelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Romanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Grabot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Valenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmelo Luca","family":"Smeralda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"van Wassenhove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.001","volume":"5","author":"GG Ambrus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ambrus GG, Al-Moyed H, Chaieb L, Sarp L, Antal A, Paulus W (2012) The fade-in\u2014short stimulation\u2014fade out approach to sham tDCS\u2013reliable at 1 mA for na\u00efve and experienced subjects, but not investigators. Brain Stimul 5(4):499\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.001","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"2","key":"7158_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324425","volume":"14","author":"P Amodio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Amodio P, Wenin H, Del Piccolo F, Mapelli D, Montagnese S, Pellegrini A, Musto C, Gatta A, Umilt\u00e0 C (2002) Variability of trail making test, symbol digit test and line trait test in normal people. A normative study taking into account age-dependent decline and sociobiological variables. Aging Clin Exp Res 14(2):117\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03324425","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"7158_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922","volume":"25","author":"RA Andersen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andersen RA, Buneo CA (2002) Intentional maps in posterior parietal cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:189\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-008-0970-x","volume":"29","author":"A Bianchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bianchi A, Dai Pr\u00e0 M (2008) Twenty years after Spinnler and Tognoni: New instruments in the Italian neuropsychologist\u2019s toolbox. Neurol Sci 29(4):209\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-008-0970-x","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040069","volume":"4","author":"F Blankenburg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blankenburg F, Ruff CC, Deichmann R, Rees G, Driver J (2006) The cutaneous rabbit illusion affects human primary sensory cortex somatotopically. PLoS Biol 4(3):e69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040069","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"7158_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.817516","author":"I Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bornkessel-Schlesewsky I, Sharrad I, Howlett CA, Alday PM, Corcoran AW, Bellan V, Wilkinson E, Kliegl R, Lewis RL, Small SL, Schlesewsky M (2022) Rapid adaptation of predictive models during language comprehension: aperiodic EEG slope, individual alpha frequency and idea density modulate individual differences in real-time model updating. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.817516","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"r1","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.19.3.r011","volume":"19","author":"M Bradley-Garcia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bradley-Garcia M, Messaoud SB, Bossilkov A, Cateaux C, N\u2019Sa CT, Potvin-Pilon A, Abdi-Nassir H, Assad N, Balcom F, Belfaiz S, Blackburn C, Bolduc J, Boutarbouch I, B\u00e9champ N, Calderon Robles MT, Charbonneau V, Chatillon I, Cooper-Ballinger L, Falconi M, Ben Messaoud S, Tshila N\u2019Sa C, Francoeur V, Gashema A, Healey V, Johnston V, Lafleur C, Lalibert\u00e9 J, Lareau J, Leblanc C, Miess E, M\u00e9thot V, Najjar H, Palanee J, Pradelle S, Ramphul DR, Sarrazin M, Savage N, Tremblay Jimenez M, Jimenez MT (2023) Capacity and duration of iconic memory from partial reporting of brief stimuli: a replication of Sperling\u2019s experiment (1960). Quant Methods Psychol 19(3):r1\u2013r11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20982\/tqmp.19.3.r011","journal-title":"Quant Methods Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7158_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.11.034","volume":"25","author":"R Cecere","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cecere R, Rees G, Romei V (2015) Individual differences in alpha frequency drive crossmodal illusory perception. Curr Biol 25(2):231\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.11.034","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1068\/p5462","volume":"35","author":"H Choi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choi H, Scholl BJ (2006) Perceiving causality after the fact: postdiction in the temporal dynamics of causal perception. Perception 35(3):385\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p5462","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"10","key":"7158_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050260","volume":"5","author":"AD Cul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cul AD, Baillet S, Dehaene S (2007) Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for access to consciousness. PLoS Biol 5(10):e260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050260","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"7158_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Pra Y, Catrambone V, Van Wassenhove V, Valenza G, Bianchi M (2022) Toward the manipulation of time and space in extended reality: a preliminary study on multimodal Tau and Kappa illusions in the visual-tactile domain. In: 2022 31st IEEE international conference on robot and human interactive communication (RO-MAN), pp 179\u2013184 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900707","DOI":"10.1109\/RO-MAN53752.2022.9900707"},{"issue":"1","key":"7158_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme A, Makeig S (2004) EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods 134(1):9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"7158_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00068229","volume":"15","author":"D Dennett","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dennett D, Kinsbourne M (1992) Time and the observer: the where and when of consciousness in the brain. Behav Brain Sci 15:183\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X00068229","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"7158_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01119","volume":"29","author":"F Duecker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duecker F, Schuhmann T, Bien N, Jacobs C, Sack AT (2017) Moving beyond attentional biases: shifting the interhemispheric balance between left and right posterior parietal cortex modulates attentional control processes. J Cogn Neurosci 29(7):1267\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01119","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00265-4","volume":"38","author":"RO Duncan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duncan RO, Boynton GM (2003) Cortical magnification within human primary visual cortex correlates with acuity thresholds. Neuron 38(4):659\u2013671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0896-6273(03)00265-4","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"7158_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X08003889","volume":"31","author":"DM Eagleman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eagleman DM (2008) Prediction and postdiction: two frameworks with the goal of delay compensation. Behav Brain Sci 31(2):205\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X08003889","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"5460","key":"7158_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5460.2036","volume":"287","author":"DM Eagleman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eagleman DM, Sejnowski TJ (2000) Motion integration and postdiction in visual awareness. Science 287(5460):2036\u20132038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.287.5460.2036","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193324","volume":"67","author":"M Eimer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eimer M, Forster B, Vibell J (2005) Cutaneous saltation within and across arms: a new measure of the saltation illusion in somatosensation. Percept Psychophys 67(3):458\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193324","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"2","key":"7158_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39(2):175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"4057","key":"7158_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.178.4057.178","volume":"178","author":"FA Geldard","year":"1972","unstructured":"Geldard FA, Sherrick CE (1972) The cutaneous \u201cRabbit\u201d: a perceptual illusion. Science 178(4057):178\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.178.4057.178","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000333","volume":"2","author":"D Goldreich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goldreich D (2007) A bayesian perceptual model replicates the cutaneous rabbit and other tactile spatiotemporal illusions. PLoS ONE 2(3):e333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0000333","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7158_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00221","author":"D Goldreich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldreich D, Tong J (2013) Prediction, postdiction, and perceptual length contraction: a Bayesian low-speed prior captures the cutaneous rabbit and related illusions. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00221","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7158_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0030-21.2021","volume":"8","author":"L Grabot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grabot L, Kayser C, van Wassenhove V (2021) Postdiction: when temporal regularity drives space perception through prestimulus alpha oscillations. eNeuro 8(5):ENEURO.0030-21.2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0030-21.2021","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.72.3.561","volume":"72","author":"S Grondin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grondin S (2010) Timing and time perception: a review of recent behavioral and neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):561\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/APP.72.3.561","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"issue":"42","key":"7158_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"R Gulbinaite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gulbinaite R, van Viegen T, Wieling M, Cohen MX, VanRullen R (2017) Individual alpha peak frequency predicts 10 Hz flicker effects on selective attention. J Neurosci 37(42):10173\u201310184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1163-17.2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"7158_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.07.001","volume":"24","author":"MH Herzog","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herzog MH, Drissi-Daoudi L, Doerig A (2020) All in good time: long-lasting postdictive effects reveal discrete perception. Trends Cogn Sci 24(10):826\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2020.07.001","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"7158_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.06.008","volume":"117","author":"CJ Howard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howard CJ, Arnold CPA, Belmonte MK (2017) Slower resting alpha frequency is associated with superior localisation of moving targets. Brain Cogn 117:97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.06.008","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"7158_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186","author":"O Jensen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jensen O, Mazaheri A (2010) Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition. Front Hum Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00186","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"7158_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.91.1.128","volume":"91","author":"B Jones","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jones B, Huang YL (1982) Space-time dependencies in psychophysical judgment of extent and duration: algebraic models of the tau and kappa effects. Psychol Bull 91:128\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.91.1.128","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"7158_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147834","volume":"1782","author":"SK Kemmerer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kemmerer SK, Sack AT, de Graaf TA, Ten Oever S, De Weerd P, Schuhmann T (2022) Frequency-specific transcranial neuromodulation of alpha power alters visuospatial attention performance. Brain Res 1782:147834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147834","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"7158_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/10.14.26","volume":"10","author":"SK Khuu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khuu SK, Kidd JC, Phu J, Khambiye S (2010) A cyclopean visual saltation illusion reveals perceptual grouping in three-dimensional space. J vis 10(14):26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/10.14.26","journal-title":"J vis"},{"issue":"9","key":"7158_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/11.9.5","volume":"11","author":"SK Khuu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khuu SK, Kidd JC, Badcock DR (2011) The influence of spatial orientation on the perceived path of visual saltatory motion. J vis 11(9):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/11.9.5","journal-title":"J vis"},{"issue":"12","key":"7158_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","volume":"16","author":"W Klimesch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klimesch W (2012) Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information. Trends Cogn Sci 16(12):606\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"7158_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.041","volume":"29","author":"W Klimesch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klimesch W, Hanslmayr S, Sauseng P, Gruber WR (2006) Distinguishing the evoked response from phase reset: a comment to M\u00e4kinen et al. Neuroimage 29(3):808\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.041","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"8","key":"7158_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11082082","volume":"11","author":"G Lazzaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lazzaro G, Fuc\u00e0 E, Caciolo C, Battisti A, Costanzo F, Varuzza C, Vicari S, Menghini D (2022) Understanding the effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in numerical cognition: a systematic review for clinical translation. J Clin Med 11(8):2082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11082082","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7158_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2018.00023","volume":"12","author":"D Lozano-Soldevilla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lozano-Soldevilla D (2018) On the physiological modulation and potential mechanisms underlying parieto-occipital alpha oscillations. Front Comput Neurosci 12:23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncom.2018.00023","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.17.4.1057","volume":"17","author":"GR Mangun","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mangun GR, Hillyard SA (1991) Modulations of sensory-evoked brain potentials indicate changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 17(4):1057\u20131074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.17.4.1057","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"7158_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(00)00267-4","volume":"41","author":"A Mart\u00ednez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez A, Di Russo F, Anllo-Vento L, Sereno MI, Buxton RB, Hillyard SA (2001) Putting spatial attention on the map: timing and localization of stimulus selection processes in striate and extrastriate visual areas. Vis Res 41(10\u201311):1437\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0042-6989(00)00267-4","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"7158_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1167\/10.7.801","volume":"10","author":"Z Nadasdy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nadasdy Z, Shimojo S (2010) Perception of apparent motion relies on postdictive interpolation. J vis 10(7):801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/10.7.801","journal-title":"J vis"},{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.07.006","volume":"17","author":"A Nobre","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nobre A, Correa A, Coull J (2007) The hazards of time. Curr Opin Neurobiol 17(4):465\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2007.07.006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"7158_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2022.101644","volume":"92","author":"M Ociepka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ociepka M, Ka\u0142ama\u0142a P, Chuderski A (2022) High individual alpha frequency brains run fast, but it does not make them smart. Intelligence 92:101644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intell.2022.101644","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.022","volume":"22","author":"JA Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peri\u00e1\u00f1ez JA, R\u00edos-Lago M, Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez JM, Adrover-Roig D, S\u00e1nchez-Cubillo I, Crespo-Facorro B, Quemada JI, Barcel\u00f3 F (2007) Trail making test in traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and normal ageing: sample comparisons and normative data. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 22(4):433\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.022","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"7158_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.05.004","volume":"44","author":"C Peylo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peylo C, Hilla Y, Sauseng P (2021) Cause or consequence? Alpha oscillations in visuospatial attention. Trends Neurosci 44(9):705\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2021.05.004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"7158_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97303-6","volume":"11","author":"IS Ramsay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramsay IS, Lynn PA, Schermitzler B, Sponheim SR (2021) Individual alpha peak frequency is slower in schizophrenia and related to deficits in visual perception and cognition. Sci Rep 11(1):17852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-97303-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"7158_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1163\/22134468-20181132","volume":"6","author":"D Rhodes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhodes D (2018) On the distinction between perceived duration and event timing: towards a unified model of time perception. Timing Time Percept 6(1):90\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22134468-20181132","journal-title":"Timing Time Percept"},{"issue":"22","key":"7158_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.007","volume":"25","author":"J Samaha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Samaha J, Postle BR (2015) The speed of alpha-band oscillations predicts the temporal resolution of visual perception. Curr Biol 25(22):2985\u20132990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"7158_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01289","author":"HE Schendan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schendan HE, Ganis G (2015) Top-down modulation of visual processing and knowledge after 250 ms supports object constancy of category decisions. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01289","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7158_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.11.047","volume":"23","author":"C Sergent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sergent C, Wyart V, Babo-Rebelo M, Cohen L, Naccache L, Tallon-Baudry C (2013) Cueing attention after the stimulus is gone can retrospectively trigger conscious perception. Curr Biol 23(2):150\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2012.11.047","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"7158_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00196","author":"S Shimojo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shimojo S (2014) Postdiction: its implications on visual awareness, hindsight, and sense of agency. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00196","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"7158_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204217","volume":"13","author":"NRB Stiles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stiles NRB, Li M, Levitan CA, Kamitani Y, Shimojo S (2018) What you saw is what you will hear: two new illusions with audiovisual postdictive effects. PLoS ONE 13(10):e0204217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0204217","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"7158_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1167\/7.9.989","volume":"7","author":"H Stogbauer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stogbauer H, van Wassenhove V, Shimojo S (2007) Neural correlates of a saltation illusion. J vis 7(9):989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/7.9.989","journal-title":"J vis"},{"key":"7158_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thielscher A, Antunes A, Saturnino GB (2015) Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: a useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? In: 2015 37th Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC), pp 222\u2013225 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340"},{"issue":"4","key":"7158_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00105-3","volume":"13","author":"S Treue","year":"2003","unstructured":"Treue S (2003) Visual attention: the where, what, how and why of saliency. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13(4):428\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00105-3","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7158_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315","volume":"23","author":"SKALG Ungerleider","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ungerleider SKALG (2000) Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 23(1):315\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"7158_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00658","volume":"10","author":"MR van Schouwenburg","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Schouwenburg MR, Zanto TP, Gazzaley A (2017) Spatial attention and the effects of frontoparietal alpha band stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 10:658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00658","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"7158_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00060","volume":"2","author":"R VanRullen","year":"2011","unstructured":"VanRullen R, Busch NA, Drewes J, Dubois J (2011) Ongoing EEG phase as a trial-by-trial predictor of perceptual and attentional variability. Front Psychol 2:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00060","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7158_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00166","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Kawabe T, Miyazaki M (2015) Awareness shaping or shaped by prediction and postdiction: editorial. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00166","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-025-07158-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-025-07158-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-025-07158-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T09:47:07Z","timestamp":1760694427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-025-07158-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["7158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-025-07158-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0014-4819"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1106"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"208"}}