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By assessing electroencephalography (EEG) (theta, low\/high-alpha power) and biomechanics (gait speed, double limb support, stride width), the cerebral cortical activity underlying mental workload and walking mechanics were examined when individuals with and without lower-limb loss executed a cognitive task (assessed via response time and accuracy) under variable demand (seated and walking). Both populations maintained walking mechanics (unchanged gait speed, double limb support, stride width) during dual-task walking across demand and exhibited similarly elevated neurocognitive engagement (e.g., attention, action monitoring) indicated by similar theta power increase and low\/high-alpha power decrease when facing greater demand. However, injured individuals exhibited relative performance decrement (degraded response time\/accuracy), which suggests attenuated cognitive-motor efficiency relative to uninjured (i.e., similar cortical activity across groups with degraded performance). Moreover, while uninjured individuals during dual-task walking could robustly engage neurocognitive processes to maintain walking mechanics and successfully attend to the concurrent cognitive task, those with lower-limb loss did not exhibit such a robust recruitment (i.e., unchanged frontal\/temporal high-alpha power). Such alterations in individuals with lower-limb loss leads to maintenance of walking at the cost of a concurrent task. The present work informs rehabilitation practice and reveals specific cognitive-motor outcomes for individuals with lower-limb loss in an enhanced ecological context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-025-07209-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:34:05Z","timestamp":1768984445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using a self-modulated treadmill as a novel approach to study cognitive-motor and biomechanical outcomes during dual-task walking in individuals with and without lower limb loss"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Emma P.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Gladish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra A.","family":"Shaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gaskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Kahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Dearth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Pruziner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley D.","family":"Hatfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad D.","family":"Hendershot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolphe J.","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"7209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.062","volume":"27","author":"Z Aghajan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aghajan Z, Schuette P, Fields TA, Tran ME, Siddiqui SM, Hasulak NR, Tcheng TK, Eliashiv D, Mankin EA, Stern J, Fried I, Suthana N (2017) Theta oscillations in the human medial Temporal lobe during real-world ambulatory movement. 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