{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T22:15:00Z","timestamp":1770675300419,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Brain Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-026-07232-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:59:44Z","timestamp":1769515184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical excitation does not drive changes in skin sympathetic nerve activity during single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Brendan","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donggyu","family":"Rim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Sesa-Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke A.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaughan G.","family":"Macefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32829baae7","volume":"25","author":"DA Barton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barton DA, Dawood T, Lambert EA, Esler MD, Haikerwal D, Brenchley C, Socratous F, Kaye DM, Schlaich MP, Hickie I, Lambert GW (2007) Sympathetic activity in major depressive disorder: identifying those at increased cardiac risk? J Hypertens 25:2117\u20132124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32829baae7","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"7232_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209488","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209488","volume":"102","author":"E Benarroch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benarroch E (2024) What is the role of the sympathetic system in skeletal muscle? Neurol 102:e209488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209488","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"7232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhad422","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad422","volume":"34","author":"J Braun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braun J, Patel M, Henderson LA, Dawood T, Macefield VG (2023) Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex modulates muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. Cereb Cortex 34:bhad422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhad422","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"7232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-023-00967-5","volume":"33","author":"JM Butler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Butler JM, Frampton CM, Moore G, Barclay ML, Jardine DL (2023) Immediate effects of caffeine on sympathetic nerve activity: why coffee is safe? A single-centre crossover study. Clin Auton Res 33:623\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-023-00967-5","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"7232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000046228.97025.3A","volume":"106","author":"R Corti","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corti R, Binggeli C, Sudano I, Spieker L, H\u00e4nseler E, Ruschitzka F, Chaplin WF, L\u00fcscher TF, Noll G (2002) Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual vs nonhabitual drinking. Circ 106:2935\u20132940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000046228.97025.3A","journal-title":"Circ"},{"key":"7232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063237","volume":"19","author":"K Dimitriadis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dimitriadis K, Narkiewicz K, Leontsinis I, Konstantinidis D, Mihas C, Andrikou I, Thomopoulos C, Tousoulis D, Tsioufis K (2022) Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in humans. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:3237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19063237","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"7232_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.001","volume":"71","author":"DN Eder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eder DN, Elam M, Wallin BG (2009) Sympathetic nerve and cardiovascular responses to auditory startle and prepulse Inhibition. Int J Psychophysiol 71:149\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.001","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"7232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/108.2.423","volume":"108","author":"JA Fagius","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fagius JA, Wallin BG, Sundl\u00f6f G, Nerhed C, Englesson S (1985) Sympathetic outflow in man after anaesthesia of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Brain 108:423\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/108.2.423","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.072421","volume":"98","author":"R Fatouleh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fatouleh R, Macefield VG (2013) Cardiorespiratory coupling of sympathetic outflow in humans: a comparison of respiratory and cardiac modulation of sympathetic nerve activity to skin and muscle. Exp Physiol 98:1327\u20131336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.072421","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"7232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.04.043","volume":"230","author":"DB Forger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Forger DB, Paydarfar D (2004) Starting, stopping, and resetting biological oscillators: in search of optimum perturbations. J Theor Biol 230:521\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.04.043","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"7232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00283.2017","volume":"118","author":"JL Greaney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greaney JL, Kenney WL (2017) Measuring and quantifying skin sympathetic nervous system activity in humans. J Neurophysiol 118:2181\u20132193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00283.2017","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"7232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.049","volume":"62","author":"LA Henderson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henderson LA, Stathis A, James C, Brown R, McDonald S, Macefield VG (2012) Real-time imaging of cortical areas involved in the generation of increases in skin sympathetic nerve activity when viewing emotionally charged images. NeuroImage 62:30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.049","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"7232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(96)00043-4","volume":"60","author":"H Ito","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ito H, Sugiyama Y, Mano T, Okada H, Matsukawa T, Iwase S (1996) Skin sympathetic nerve activity and event-related potentials during auditory oddball paradigms. J Autonom Nerv Syst 60:129\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1838(96)00043-4","journal-title":"J Autonom Nerv Syst"},{"key":"7232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-019-00669-6","volume":"69","author":"K Katayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katayama K, Saito M (2019) Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during exercise. J Physiol 69:589\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12576-019-00669-6","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"7232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8656","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.865.6","volume":"31","author":"DS Kimmerly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimmerly DS, Boe S, Ladouceur M, Weir JA (2018) Does temporary Inhibition of the human primary motor cortex alter resting and isometric handgrip exercise-mediated sympathetic neural responses? FASEB J 31:8656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.865.6","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"7232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00700-6","volume":"31","author":"VG Macefield","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macefield VG (2021) Recording and quantifying sympathetic outflow to muscle and skin in humans: methods, caveats and challenges. Clin Auton Res 31:59\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-020-00700-6","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"7232_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(97)00117-3","volume":"68","author":"VG Macefield","year":"1998","unstructured":"Macefield VG, Taylor JL, Wallin BG (1998) Inhibition of muscle sympathetic outflow following transcranial cortical stimulation. J Autonom Nerv Syst 68:49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-1838(97)00117-3","journal-title":"J Autonom Nerv Syst"},{"key":"7232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-024-01015-6","volume":"34","author":"B McCarthy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCarthy B, Datta S, Sesa-Ashton G, Wong R, Dawood T, Macefield VG (2024a) Differential control of sympathetic outflow to muscle and skin during physical and cognitive stressors. Clin Auton Res 34:177\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-024-01015-6","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"7232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bhae484","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhae484","volume":"34","author":"B McCarthy","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCarthy B, Sesa-Ashton G, Rim D, Henderson LA, Macefield VG (2024b) Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not directly affect muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Cereb Cortex 34:bhae484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhae484","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"7232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00002","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.2","volume":"1","author":"MD Muller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muller MD, Sauder CL, Ray CA (2013) Mental stress elicits sustained and reproducible increases in skin sympathetic nerve activity. Physiol Rep 1:e00002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/phy2.2","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"7232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-010-0092-4","volume":"21","author":"RJ Paxton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paxton RJ, Malcolm MP, Newsom SA, Richards JC, Rynn GM, Bell C (2011) Sympathetic responses to repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation. Clin Auton Res 21:81\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-010-0092-4","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"7232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003","volume":"132","author":"S Rossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, Bikson M, Brewer C, Brockm\u00f6ller J, Carpenter LL, Cincotta M, Chen R, Daskalakis JD, Di Lazzaro V, Fox MD, George MS, Gilbert D, Kimiskidas VK, Koch G, Ilmoniemi RJ, Lefaucheur JP, Leocani L, Lisanby SH, Miniussi C, Padberg F, Pascual-Leone A, Paulus W, Peterchev AV, Quartarone A, Rotenberg A, Rothwell J, Rossini PM, Santarnecchi E, Shafi MM, Siebner HR, Ugawa Y, Wassermann EM, Zangen A, Ziemann U, Hallett M (2021) Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: expert guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 132:269\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"7232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00253-8","volume":"87","author":"N Sawasaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sawasaki N, Iwase S, Mano T (2001) Effect of skin sympathetic response to local or systemic cold exposure on thermoregulatory functions in humans. Auton Neurosci 87:274\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00253-8","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"7232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283310ece","volume":"27","author":"AZ Scalco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scalco AZ, Rondon MU, Trombetta IC, Laterza MC, Azul JB, Pullenayegum EM, Scalco MZ, Kuniyoshi FH, Wajngarten M, Negr\u0101o CE, Lotufo-Neto F (2009) Muscle sympathetic nervous activity in depressed patients before and after treatment with Sertraline. J Hypertens 27:2429\u20132436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283310ece","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"7232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tgac017","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgac017","volume":"3","author":"G Sesa-Ashton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sesa-Ashton G, Wong R, McCarthy B, Datta S, Henderson LA, Dawood T, Macefield VG (2022) Stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in humans. Cereb Cortex Commun 3:tgac017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/texcom\/tgac017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex Commun"},{"key":"7232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.1.126","volume":"88","author":"DH Silber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Silber DH, Sinoway LI, Leuenberger UA, Amassian VE (2000) Magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex evokes skin sympathetic nerve activity. J Appl Physiol 88:126\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.1.126","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"7232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.4.695","volume":"109","author":"L Stjernberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stjernberg L, Blumberg H, Wallin BG (1986) Sympathetic activity in man after spinal cord injury: outflow to muscle below the lesion. Brain 109:695\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/109.4.695","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000072786.99163.FE","volume":"107","author":"J Tank","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tank J, Schroeder C, Diedrich A, Szczech E, Haertter S, Sharma AM, Luft FC, Jordan J (2003) Selective impairment in sympathetic vasomotor control with norepinephrine transporter Inhibition. Circ 107:2949\u20132954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.0000072786.99163.FE","journal-title":"Circ"},{"key":"7232_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.12.015","volume":"170","author":"NT Trapp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trapp NT, Purgianto A, Taylor JJ, Singh MK, Oberman LM, Mickey BJ, Youssef NA, Solzbacher D, Zebley B, Cabrera LY, Conroy S, Cristancho M, Richards JR, Flood MJ, Barbour T, Blumberger DM, Taylor SF, Feifel D, Reti IM, McClintock SM, Lisanby SH, Husain MM, National Network of Depression Centers Neuromodulation Task Group (2025) Consensus review and considerations on TMS to treat depression: a comprehensive update endorsed by the National network of depression Centers, the clinical TMS Society, and the international federation of clinical neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol 170:206\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.12.015","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"7232_CR30","first-page":"44","volume":"6","author":"B Vasegi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasegi B, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S (2015) Inter-pulse interval affects the size of single-pulse TMS-induced motor evoked potentials: a reliability study. Basic Clin Neurosci 6:44\u201351","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"7232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01071.x","volume":"177","author":"BG Wallin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wallin BG, Donadio V, Karlsson T, Kallio M, Nordin M, Elam M (2003) Arousal increases baroreflex Inhibition of muscle sympathetic activity. Acta Physiol Scand 177:291\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2003.01071.x","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"7232_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8265","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad112","volume":"33","author":"R Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong R, Sesa-Ashton G, Datta S, McCarthy B, Henderson LA, Dawood T, Macefield VG (2023) The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in control of skin sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Cereb Cortex 33:8265\u20138272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhad112","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"}],"container-title":["Experimental Brain Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-026-07232-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00221-026-07232-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00221-026-07232-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T08:06:47Z","timestamp":1770624407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00221-026-07232-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["7232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-026-07232-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-4819","1432-1106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-4819","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1106","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"36"}}