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While rhythmic, locomotor-like UL tasks typically suppress soleus H-reflex amplitude, the effects of discrete voluntary UL movements remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether rhythmic UL movements modulate soleus H-reflex excitability. Twenty-four able-bodied adults completed a single session including a 20-min paradigm of four symmetric, bilateral UL movements performed at 1\u00a0Hz. Soleus H-reflexes were measured using peripheral nerve stimulation while participants stood upright (two baselines and post UL task). H\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/M\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratios were compared across time points, and k-means clustering was applied to individual change scores to identify responder subgroups. No significant group-level modulation of H-reflex excitability was observed following UL movement practice (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.564). However, clustering revealed two distinct and opposite response profiles. One subgroup (n\u2009=\u200913) demonstrated a significant decrease in H-reflex excitability (22.1%\u2009\u00b1\u200911.0% suppression), while the other subgroup (n\u2009=\u200911) exhibited a significant increase (19.5%\u2009\u00b1\u200912.5% facilitation). Fatigue ratings increased post-intervention, whereas energy ratings remained stable. UL movements can modulate spinal excitability bidirectionally, with individuals showing either facilitation or suppression of the soleus H-reflex. This individualized responsiveness highlights heterogeneity in interlimb neural coupling, suggesting that UL-based neuromodulation strategies may require personalized tailoring. The classification of facilitatory and suppressive responders offers a methodological framework for developing adaptive rehabilitation approaches that leverage natural interlimb circuit interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-026-07299-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T09:06:51Z","timestamp":1777280811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bidirectional modulation of soleus spinal excitability induced by upper limb movement practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Aditi","family":"Doshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha","family":"Kesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeetha","family":"Madhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"7299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.06.003","volume":"57","author":"KN Arya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arya KN, Pandian S (2014) Interlimb neural coupling: implications for poststroke hemiparesis. 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