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However, certain regions \u2013 including the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) \u2013 are known to be involved in the generation of nausea. The PIVC, in particular, is believed to serve an important role in the processing of vestibular inputs. We have previously used low-frequency sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) to induce perceptions of side-to-side motion, which also induces nausea in ~\u200940% of people. While sGVS has been previously used with brain imaging to investigate vestibular pathways, those studies used shorter bouts of stimulation (~\u200930\u00a0s) which did not induce nausea. Here, we have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to record blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal-intensity changes at baseline (5\u00a0min), during low-frequency sGVS for a sustained period of time (\u00b1 2\u00a0mA, 0.08\u00a0Hz, 100 cycles; ~21\u00a0min) and during a recovery period (9\u00a0min) in 17 participants. Surprisingly, however, only four participants reported incipient or overt nausea during stimulation. Nevertheless, two regions displayed BOLD signal-intensity changes associated with the long-form (as opposed to previously used short-form) stimulation: the nucleus accumbens and locus coeruleus. Though sensations of nausea were not as apparent as expected (perhaps due to the necessity of participants adopting a supine position with their heads fixed in place), these regions would appear to be more associated with a longer period of vestibular stimulation, perhaps required to evoke sensations of nausea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-026-07411-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:28:44Z","timestamp":1792092524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical and subcortical correlates of perceptual responses during sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation: a BOLD fMRI study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"244","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7630-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0974-6752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donggyu","family":"Rim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7130-2423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianni","family":"Sesa-Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis S","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke A","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaughan G","family":"Macefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"7411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Austin CR, Willett L, Clark TK (2026) Motion sensations, postural sway, and side effects for copolar galvanic vestibular stimulation. 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