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But also androgens decrease with age in women. Decrease of estrogen or androgens levels are associated with bone loss, while steroid hormone therapy often leads to negative side effects. A possible solution could be the use of selective receptor modulators (SRMs). Here, a combined treatment with a selective estrogen receptor modulator (raloxifene, RAL) and a selective androgen receptor modulator (ostarine, OST) was investigated in ovariectomized rats. The study was performed using 3-month-old female Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Fifteen control rats were not ovariectomized (NON-OVX). Sixty rats were ovariectomized and divided into 4 groups (n\u2009=\u200915\/group): (1) untreated rats (OVX), (2) rats receiving OST (0.55\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u00a0mg\/kg body weight [BW]), (3) rats receiving RAL (11.07\u2009\u00b1\u20091.77\u00a0mg\/kg BW), (4) rats treated with OST and RAL. The compounds were administered orally as osteoporosis prophylaxis immediately after ovariectomy for up to 13\u00a0weeks. Thereafter, the lumbar vertebrae and femora were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>OST\u2009+\u2009RAL treatment showed a favorable effect on structural and biomechanical bone parameters, demonstrating some advantages over RAL alone. RAL confirmed its antiresorptive effect on bone tissue without causing negative systemic effects. OST alone was less effective in protecting bone tissue. It increased osteoblast number, serum phosphorus, bone magnesium, and inner organ and uterus weight. The adverse effect of OST on bone magnesium level was attenuated when combined with RAL. Conversely, the combined treatment increased serum phosphorus and luteinizing hormone levels, decreased serum magnesium and calcium, and did not attenuate the organ and uterus weight increase observed after OST, raising safety concerns. These findings highlight the need for cautious evaluation of combination therapies and suggest that there is a need for alternative compounds with improved safety profiles for future osteoporosis treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-025-01431-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:17:35Z","timestamp":1761279455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Combined Treatment With Selective Androgen and Estrogen Receptor Modulators Ostarine and Raloxifen on Bone Tissue In Ovariectomized Rats"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Staub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai O.","family":"B\u00f6ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arndt F.","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Roch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Taudien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swantje","family":"Oberth\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Sehmisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Komrakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0465","volume":"23","author":"BL Riggs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ (2002) Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. 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