{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:59:05Z","timestamp":1793926745743,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018802","name":"Universidade Federal Da Para\u00edba","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Calcif Tissue Int"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dental enamel formation depends on tightly regulated mineral deposition and organic matrix removal during the maturation stage. Fluoride (F) adversely affects the maturation stage of amelogenesis, causing hypomineralized enamel defects. However, hypomineralized enamel defects have increased worldwide in recent years, making it urgent to understand how co-exposure to other environmental contaminants affects fluorosis and maturation-stage amelogenesis at fluoride levels sufficient to induce defects during early-life exposure conditions in experimental models. This study aimed to determine whether lead (Pb) co-exposure amplifies fluoride-induced disturbances in the enamel maturation stage by mapping depth-dependent changes in mineral, organic, and water components across the enamel layer. Pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring were exposed to F (50 ppm), Pb (30 ppm), or both in drinking water from gestation to postnatal day 30. Mandibular third molars were evaluated using a modified Thylstrup\u2013Fejerskov index and analyzed by quantitative microradiography and polarized light microscopy to obtain depth-resolved compositional data. Mean defect scores were 0.0 (Control), 2.6 (F), and 3.2 (Pb\u2009+\u2009F). Entire enamel thickness mineral volume decreased from 71.0% (Control) to 41.1% (F) and to 35.2% (Pb\u2009+\u2009F), accompanied by a marked increase in organic matrix volume (9.3% to &gt;\u200930%) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Spatial analyses showed minimal disturbances and smaller effect sizes at the superficial region, with progressively larger effects toward the central and inner enamel regions. These findings demonstrate that Pb co-exposure exacerbates fluoride-induced enamel hypomineralization and disrupts the normal spatial pattern of enamel maturation, emphasizing the importance of combined environmental exposures for understanding mechanisms governing the development and maturation of mineralized tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-026-01511-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T08:30:21Z","timestamp":1775118621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of fluoride and lead on enamel composition during the maturation stage of amelogenesis in rat mandibular third molars"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Tostes-Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Macedo-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. H. L.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. M.","family":"Porto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. F.","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-8342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F. B.","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1511_CR1","volume-title":"Ten Cate\u2019s oral histology development, structure, and function","author":"A Nanci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nanci A (2018) Ten Cate\u2019s oral histology development, structure, and function, 9th edn. Elsevier, St. Louis","edition":"9"},{"key":"1511_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00162.x","volume":"112","author":"E Mahoney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mahoney E, Ismail FSM, Kilpatrick N, Swain M (2004) Mechanical properties across hypomineralized\/hypoplastic enamel of first permanent molar teeth. Eur J Oral Sci 112:497\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00162.x","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1511_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/GENES14030545","volume":"14","author":"JT Wright","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wright JT (2023) Enamel phenotypes: genetic and environmental determinants. Genes (Basel) 14:545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/GENES14030545","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"1511_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300206","volume":"13","author":"T Aoba","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aoba T, Fejerskov O (2002) Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 13:155\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154411130201300206","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"1511_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374870010020501;CTYPE:STRING:JOURNAL","volume":"1","author":"PK DenBesten","year":"1987","unstructured":"DenBesten PK, Crenshaw MA (1987) Studies on the changes in developing enamel caused by ingestion of high levels of fluoride in the rat. Adv Dent Res 1:176\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08959374870010020501;CTYPE:STRING:JOURNAL","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2000.00735.x","volume":"108","author":"RF Gerlach","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gerlach RF, Souza AP, Cury JA, Line SRP (2000) Fluoride effect on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 108:48\u201353","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1511_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/SCISIGNAL.AAY0086","volume":"13","author":"FJ Aulestia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aulestia FJ, Groeling J, Bomfim GHS et al (2020) Fluoride exposure alters Ca2+\u2009signaling and mitochondrial function in enamel cells. Sci Signal 13:86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCISIGNAL.AAY0086 ;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"1511_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0997-1024","volume":"3","author":"GE Watson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Watson GE, Davis BA, Raubertas RF et al (1997) Influence of maternal lead ingestion on caries in rat pups. Nat Med 1997 3:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm0997-1024","journal-title":"Nat Med 1997"},{"key":"1511_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00082-3","volume":"175","author":"RF Gerlach","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gerlach RF, Cury JA, Krug FJ, Line SRP (2002) Effect of lead on dental enamel formation. Toxicology 175:27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00082-3","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"1511_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.007","volume":"104","author":"GRC de Almeida","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Almeida GRC, Pereira Saraiva M, da Barbosa C F, et al (2007) Lead contents in the surface enamel of deciduous teeth sampled in vivo from children in uncontaminated and in lead-contaminated areas. Environ Res 104:337\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.007","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1511_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.01.007","volume":"28","author":"C de Souza-Guerra","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Souza-Guerra C, Barroso RC, de Almeida AP et al (2014)Anatomical variations in primary teeth microelements with known differences in lead content by micro-synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (\u00b5-SRXRF)\u2014a preliminary study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 28:186\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.01.007","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"1511_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1034\/J.1600-0722.2000.108004327.X","volume":"108","author":"RF Gerlach","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gerlach RF, De Souza AP, Cury JA, Line SRP (2000) Effect of lead, cadmium and zinc on the activity of enamel matrix proteinases in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 108:327\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/J.1600-0722.2000.108004327.X","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1511_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.02.002","volume":"271","author":"RMM Sawan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sawan RMM, Leite GAS, Saraiva MCP et al (2010) Fluoride increases lead concentrations in whole blood and in calcified tissues from lead-exposed rats. Toxicology 271:21\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2010.02.002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"1511_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.12.011","volume":"56","author":"GAS Leite","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leite GAS, Sawan RMM, Te\u00f3filo JM et al (2011) Exposure to lead exacerbates dental fluorosis. Arch Oral Biol 56:695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.12.011","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"1511_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2011.00866.x","volume":"119","author":"Y Yamakoshi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yamakoshi Y, Richardson AS, Nunez SM et al (2011) Enamel proteins and proteases in Mmp20 and Klk4 null and double-null mice. Eur J Oral Sci 119:206\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2011.00866.x","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1511_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11270","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00578","volume":"18","author":"V Srot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Srot V, Houari S, Kapun G et al (2024) Ingenious architecture and coloration generation in enamel of rodent teeth. ACS Nano 18:11270\u201311283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.4c00578","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1511_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001550207","volume":"155","author":"S Risnes","year":"1979","unstructured":"Risnes S (1979) The prism pattern of rat molar enamel: a scanning electron microscope study. Am J Anat 155:245\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aja.1001550207","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"1511_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345850640060301","volume":"64","author":"CR Drinkard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Drinkard CR, Deaton TG, Bawden JW (1985) Enamel fluoride in nursing rats with mothers drinking water with high fluoride concentrations. J Dent Res 64:877\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345850640060301","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1600-0528.1978.TB01173.X","volume":"6","author":"A Thylstrup","year":"1978","unstructured":"Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O (1978) Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol 6:315\u2013328.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1600-0528.1978.TB01173.X","journal-title":"Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"1511_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104850","volume":"118","author":"ELD Dantas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dantas ELD, de Figueiredo A, Macedo-Ribeiro JT N, et al (2020) Variation in mineral, organic, and water volumes at the neonatal line and in pre- and postnatal enamel. Arch Oral Biol 118:104850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104850","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"1511_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470515303.ch5","author":"JC Elliott","year":"1997","unstructured":"Elliott JC (1997) Structure, crystal chemistry and density of enamel apatites. CIBA Found Symp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470515303.ch5","journal-title":"CIBA Found Symp"},{"key":"1511_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(63)80017-9","volume":"8","author":"B Angmar","year":"1963","unstructured":"Angmar B, Carlstr\u00f6m D, Glas JE (1963) Studies on the ultrastructure of dental enamel. IV. The mineralization of normal human enamel. J Ultrasructure Res 8:12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5320(63)80017-9","journal-title":"J Ultrasructure Res"},{"key":"1511_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515572189;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","volume":"94","author":"HY Gan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gan HY, Sousa FB, Carlo HL et al (2015) Enhanced transport of materials into enamel nanopores via electrokinetic flow. J Dent Res 94:615\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034515572189;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365-2818.2006","volume":"221","author":"FB Sousa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sousa FB, Vianna SS, Santos-Magalh\u00e3es NS (2006) A new approach for improving the birefringence analysis of dental enamel mineral content using polarizing microscopy. J Microsc 221:79\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1365-2818.200601547.X;CTYPE:STRING:JOURNAL","journal-title":"J Microsc"},{"key":"1511_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000345378","volume":"47","author":"FB De Sousa","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Sousa FB, Soares JD, Vianna SS (2013) Natural enamel caries: a comparative histological study on biochemical volumes. Caries Res 47:183\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000345378","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"1511_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","volume":"1","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rothman KJ (1990) no adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology 1:43\u201346","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"1511_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2025.106215","author":"NMR de Abreu","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Abreu NMR, dos Santos Oliveira R, de Sousa FB (2025) Spatially resolved composition of bovine dental enamel in permanent incisors. Arch Oral Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2025.106215","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"1511_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2011.00871.x","volume":"119","author":"CE Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith CE, Hu Y, Richardson AS et al (2011) Relationships between protein and mineral during enamel development in normal and genetically altered mice. Eur J Oral Sci 119:125\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2011.00871.x","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1511_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241299382","volume":"104","author":"H Karaaslan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karaaslan H, Walker AR, Gil-Bona A et al (2025) Posteruptive loss of proteins in porcine enamel. J Dent Res 104:290\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345241299382","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510390043","volume":"90","author":"CE Tye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tye CE, Antone JV, Bartlett JD (2011) Fluoride does not inhibit enamel protease activity. J Dent Res 90:489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034510390043","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514545629","volume":"93","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Shin M, Simmer JP, Bartlett JD (2014) Fluoride affects enamel protein content via TGF-\u03b21-mediated KLK4 inhibition. J Dent Res 93:1022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034514545629","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276791","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHYS.2017.00925\/BIBTEX","volume":"8","author":"MH Le","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le MH, Nakano Y, Uyghurturk DA et al (2017) Fluoride alters Klk4 expression in maturation ameloblasts through androgen and progesterone receptor signaling. Front Physiol 8:276791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHYS.2017.00925\/BIBTEX","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1511_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18149","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.194258","volume":"286","author":"CE Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith CE, Richardson AS, Hu Y et al (2011) Effect of kallikrein 4 loss on enamel mineralization: comparison with mice lacking matrix metalloproteinase 20. J Biol Chem 286:18149\u201318160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M110.194258","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1511_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00333","author":"CEL Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith CEL, Kirkham J, Day PF et al (2017) A fourth KLK4 mutation is associated with enamel hypomineralisation and structural abnormalities. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2017.00333","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1511_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.11.007","volume":"52\u201354","author":"SM N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2016","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez SM, Chun YHP, Ganss B et al (2016) Maturation stage enamel malformations in Amtn and Klk4 null mice. Matrix Biol 52\u201354:219\u2013233","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"1511_CR36","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"O Fejerskov","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fejerskov O, Yaeger JA, Thylstrup A (1979) Microradiography of the effect of acute and chronic administration of fluoride on human and rat dentine and enamel. Arch Oral Biol 24:123\u2013130","journal-title":"Arch OralBiol"},{"key":"1511_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513510944","volume":"93","author":"DM Lyaruu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyaruu DM, Medina JF, Sarvide S et al (2014) Barrier formation: potential molecular mechanism of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res 93:96\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034513510944","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ARCHORALBIO.2017.06.017","volume":"82","author":"FB de Sousa","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Sousa FB, Pires AC, Figueiredo RCBQ et al (2017) Quantitative study of the proportion of the pore volume of human fluorotic enamel filled by resin infiltrant. Arch Oral Biol 82:134\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ARCHORALBIO.2017.06.017","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"1511_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2879","volume":"31","author":"K Jedeon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jedeon K, Houari S, Loiodice S et al (2016) Chronic exposure to bisphenol A exacerbates dental fluorosis in growing rats. J Bone Miner Res 31:1955\u20131966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.2879","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"199803","key":"1511_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185","volume":"250","author":"SP Lyngstadaas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lyngstadaas SP, M\u00f8inichen CB, Risnes S (1998) Crown morphology, enamel distribution, and enamel structure in mouse molars. Anat Rec 250(199803):268\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"1511_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOLOGY11111636","author":"C Pessoa-Lima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pessoa-Lima C, Tostes-Figueiredo J, Macedo-Ribeiro N et al (2022) Structure and chemical composition of ca. 10-million-year-old (late Miocene of Western Amazon) and present-day teeth of related species. Biology (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BIOLOGY11111636","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"1511_CR42","first-page":"147","volume":"9","author":"Y Kurahashi","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kurahashi Y, Nagai N, Watanabe K et al (1968) Chronological observation of the odontogenesis of rat molars (1). Bull Tokyo dent coll 9:147\u2013159","journal-title":"Bull Tokyo dent coll"},{"issue":"9 69","key":"1511_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/S002040050219","volume":"69","author":"IP Hall\u00e9n","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hall\u00e9n IP, Jorhem L, Oskarsson A (1995) Placental and lactational transfer of lead in rats: a study on the lactational process and effects on offspring. Arch Toxicol 1995 69(9 69):596\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S002040050219","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol 1995"},{"key":"1511_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/TOXSCI\/KFR079","volume":"122","author":"WH Jang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jang WH, Lim KM, Kim K et al (2011) Low level of lead can induce phosphatidylserine exposure and erythrophagocytosis: a newmechanism underlying lead-associated anemia. Toxicol Sci 122:177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/TOXSCI\/KFR079","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1511_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690S137","author":"B Angmar-Mansson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Angmar-Mansson B, Whitford GM (1990) Environmental and physiological factors affecting dental fluorosis. J Dent Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345900690S137","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1511_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00394.2016","volume":"121","author":"R Soria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soria R, Egger M, Scherrer U et al (2016) Pulmonary artery pressure and arterial oxygen saturation in people living at high or low altitude: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 121:1151\u20131159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00394.2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"1511_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8266102","volume":"262","author":"EH Adelson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Adelson EH (1993) Perceptual organization and the judgment of brightness. Science 262:2042\u20132044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.8266102","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Calcified Tissue International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01511-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01511-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01511-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:22:21Z","timestamp":1782264141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01511-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01511-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There are no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All experimental animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals in Research of the University of Sao Paulo\/Ribeirao Preto (CEUA FORP\/USP Protocol number 2022.1.7.58.0).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"52"}}