{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:09:59Z","timestamp":1778908199588,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000142","name":"Arthritis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-0035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000033","name":"Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000033","name":"Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-166012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-166012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000033","name":"Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-115094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-115094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Calcif Tissue Int"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-026-01529-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:19:26Z","timestamp":1778905166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Sensitivity of Sub-millimetre-resolution Definite Versus Thin Inter-\/Intramuscular Fat Streaks from Calf and Thigh MRI"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si Wen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Costa Ianes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Reitsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Gillick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-8854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy Kin On","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1529_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0081-2","volume":"14","author":"RL Marcus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marcus RL, Addison O, Kidde JP, Dibble LE, Lastayo PC (2010) Skeletal muscle fat infiltration: impact of age, inactivity, and exercise. J Nutr Health Aging 14:362\u2013366","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"1529_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101968","volume":"45","author":"AS Gorgey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gorgey AS, Dudley GA (2007) Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 45:304\u2013309","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"1529_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu086","volume":"70","author":"M Gueugneau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gueugneau M, Coudy-Gandilhon C, Th\u00e9ron L, Meunier B, Barboiron C, Combaret L et al (2015) Skeletal muscle lipid content and oxidative activity in relation to muscle fiber type in aging and metabolic syndrome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 70:566\u2013576","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"1529_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.280","volume":"16","author":"I Miljkovic-Gacic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miljkovic-Gacic I, Wang X, Kammerer CM, Gordon CL, Bunker CH, Kuller LH et al (2008) Fat infiltration in muscle: new evidence for familial clustering and associations with diabetes. Obesity 16:1854\u20131860","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1529_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8547-3","volume":"264","author":"J Burakiewicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Burakiewicz J, Sinclair CDJ, Fischer D, Walter GA, Kan HE, Hollingsworth KG (2017) Quantifying fat replacement of muscle by quantitative MRI in muscular dystrophy. J Neurol 264:2053\u20132067","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1529_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E368","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0780","volume":"95","author":"AL Schafer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schafer AL, Vittinghoff E, Lang TF, Sellmeyer DE, Harris TB, Kanaya AM et al (2010) Fat infiltration of muscle, diabetes, and clinical fracture risk in older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:E368\u2013E372","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1529_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.05.006","volume":"26","author":"AG Culvenor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Culvenor AG, Felson DT, Wirth W, Dannhauer T, Eckstein F (2018) Is local or central adiposity more strongly associated with incident knee osteoarthritis than the body mass index in men or women? Osteoarthr Cartil 26:1033","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"1529_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2022.04.012","volume":"10","author":"K Huynh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huynh K, Ayers C, Butler J, Neeland I, Kritchevsky S, Pandey A et al (2022) Association between thigh muscle fat infiltration and incident heart failure: the health ABC study. JACC Heart Fail 10:485","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"1529_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igad104.0584","volume":"7","author":"AZ Moore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moore AZ, Kuo P-L, Yang Q, Landman B, Simonsick E, Ferrucci L (2023) Epigenetic age and muscle characteristics in Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants. Innov Aging 7:178\u2013178","journal-title":"Innov Aging"},{"key":"1529_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.04.004","volume":"23","author":"A Ruhdorfer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruhdorfer A, Wirth W, Dannhauer T, Eckstein F (2015) Longitudinal (4 year) change of thigh muscle and adipose tissue distribution in chronically painful vs painless knees--data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Osteoarthr Cartil 23:1348\u20131356","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"1529_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20628","volume":"64","author":"KA Beattie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beattie KA, MacIntyre NJ, Ramadan K, Inglis D, Maly MR (2012) Longitudinal changes in intermuscular fat volume and quadriceps muscle volume in the thighs of women with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64:22","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"1529_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9070315","volume":"9","author":"R Amer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amer R, Nassar J, Trabelsi A, Bendahan D, Greenspan H, Ben-Eliezer N (2022) Quantification of intra-muscular adipose infiltration in calf\/thigh MRI using fully and weakly supervised semantic segmentation. Bioengineering 9:315","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"1529_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200776","volume":"99","author":"D Laurent","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laurent D, Riek J, Sinclair CDJ, Houston P, Roubenoff R, Papanicolaou DA et al (2022) Longitudinal changes in MRI muscle morphometry and composition in people with inclusion body myositis. Neurology 99:e865","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1529_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132717","volume":"10","author":"E Lareau-Trudel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lareau-Trudel E, Le Troter A, Ghattas B, Pouget J, Attarian S, Bendahan D et al (2015) Muscle quantitative MR imaging and clustering analysis in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1. PLoS ONE 10:e0132717","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1529_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21699","volume":"29","author":"V Positano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Positano V, Christiansen T, Santarelli MF, Ringgaard S, Landini L, Gastaldelli A (2009) Accurate segmentation of subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissue from MR images of the thigh. J Magn Reson Imaging 29:677\u2013684","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1529_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.238623","volume":"13","author":"M Ghatas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghatas M, Lester R, Khan M, Gorgey A (2018) Semi-automated segmentation of magnetic resonance images for thigh skeletal muscle and fat using threshold technique after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 13:1787","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1529_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9204-5","author":"S Ravaglia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ravaglia S, Pichiecchio A, Ponzio M, Danesino C, Garaghani KS, Poloni GU et al (2010) Changes in skeletal muscle qualities during enzyme replacement therapy in late-onset type II glycogenosis: temporal and spatial pattern of mass vs. strength response. J Inherit Metab Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10545-010-9204-5","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"key":"1529_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-024-00365-z","volume":"14","author":"K Tam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tam K, Liu SW, Costa S, Szabo E, Reitsma S, Gillick H et al (2024) Fully-automated segmentation of muscle and inter-\/intra-muscular fat from magnetic resonance images of calves and thighs: an open-source workflow in Python. Skelet Muscle 14:37","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"1529_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.04.124","volume":"18","author":"AKO Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong AKO, Hummel K, Moore C, Beattie KA, Shaker S, Craven BC et al (2015) Improving reliability of pQCT-derived muscle area and density measures using a watershed algorithm for muscle and fat segmentation. J Clin Densitom 18:93\u2013101","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"1529_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-016-0334-z","volume":"14","author":"AKO Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong AKO (2016) A comparison of peripheral imaging technologies for bone and muscle quantification: a mixed methods clinical review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 14:359\u2013373","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"1529_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110380","author":"M Fortin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fortin M, Battie MC (2012) Quantitative paraspinal muscle measurements: inter-software reliability and agreement using OsiriX and ImageJ. Phys Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20110380","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1529_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2018.09.007","volume":"23","author":"AKO Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong AKO, Szabo E, Erlandson M, Sussman MS, Duggina S, Song A et al (2020) A valid and precise semiautomated method for quantifying intermuscular fat intramuscular fat in lower leg magnetic resonance images. J Clin Densitom 23:611\u2013622","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"1529_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25031","volume":"43","author":"S Orgiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Orgiu S, Lafortuna CL, Rastelli F, Cadioli M, Falini A, Rizzo G (2016) Automatic muscle and fat segmentation in the thigh from T1-Weighted MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 43:601\u2013610","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1529_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3121-1","volume":"24","author":"MA Fischer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fischer MA, Pfirrmann CW, Espinosa N, Raptis DA, Buck FM (2014) Dixon-based MRI for assessment of muscle-fat content in phantoms, healthy volunteers and patients with achillodynia: comparison to visual assessment of calf muscle quality. Eur Radiol 24:1366\u20131375","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1529_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21868","volume":"65","author":"MR Maly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maly MR, Calder KM, Macintyre NJ, Beattie KA (2013) Relationship of intermuscular fat volume in the thigh with knee extensor strength and physical performance in women at risk of or with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 65:44\u201352","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"1529_CR26","first-page":"350","volume":"15","author":"D Scott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scott D, Trbojevic T, Skinner E, Clark RA, Levinger P, Haines TP et al (2015) Associations of calf inter- and intra-muscular adipose tissue with cardiometabolic health and physical function in community-dwelling older adults. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 15:350\u2013357","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"1529_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00587415","author":"PD Gollnick","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gollnick PD, Sj\u00f6din B, Karlsson J, Jansson E, Saltin B (1974) Human soleus muscle: a comparison of fiber composition and enzyme activities with other leg muscles. Pflugers Arch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00587415","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"1529_CR28","first-page":"2048","volume":"100","author":"GL Onambele","year":"2006","unstructured":"Onambele GL, Narici MV, Maganaris CN (2006) Calf muscle-tendon properties and postural balance in old age. J Appl Physiol 1985 100:2048\u20132056","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol 1985"},{"key":"1529_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.05.005","author":"T Lyytinen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lyytinen T, Liikavainio T, Bragge T, Hakkarainen M, Karjalainen PA, Arokoski JPA (2010) Postural control and thigh muscle activity in men with knee osteoarthritis. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.05.005","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"1529_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50995-3","author":"C Schumacher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schumacher C, Berry A, Lemus D, Rode C, Seyfarth A, Vallery H (2019) Biarticular muscles are most responsive to upper-body pitch perturbations in human standing. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-50995-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1529_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430223","author":"J Tihanyi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tihanyi J, Apor P, Fekete G (1982) Force-velocity-power characteristics and fiber composition in human knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00430223","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"1529_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67182","author":"S Bohm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bohm S, Mersmann F, Santuz A, Schroll A, Arampatzis A (2021) Muscle-specific economy of force generation and efficiency of work production during human running. Elife. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.67182","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1529_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0556-z","author":"MJ Davison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davison MJ, Maly MR, Adachi JD, Noseworthy MD, Beattie KA (2016) Relationships between fatty infiltration in the thigh and calf in women with knee osteoarthritis. Aging Clin Exp Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-016-0556-z","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"1529_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3910","volume":"35","author":"AK Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong AK, Chandrakumar A, Whyte R, Reitsma S, Gillick H, Pokhoy A et al (2020) Bone marrow and muscle fat infiltration are correlated among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: The AMBERS Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res 35:516\u2013527","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1529_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.06.016","volume":"16","author":"CG Peterfy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peterfy CG, Schneider E, Nevitt M (2008) The osteoarthritis initiative: report on the design rationale for the magnetic resonance imaging protocol for the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartil 16:1433\u20131441","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil"},{"key":"1529_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0958-2","volume":"20","author":"FH Hooven","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hooven FH, Adachi JD, Adami S, Boonen S, Compston J, Cooper C et al (2009) The Global Longitudinal Study of Osteoporosis in Women (GLOW): Rationale and study design. Osteoporos Int 20:1107\u20131116","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"1529_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2018.04.001","volume":"23","author":"AKO Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong AKO, Manske SL (2020) A comparison of peripheral imaging technologies for bone and muscle quantification: a review of segmentation techniques. J Clin Densitom 23:92\u2013107","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"1529_CR38","first-page":"401","volume":"14","author":"AK Wong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wong AK, Beattie KA, Min KK, Gordon C, Pickard L, Papaioannou A et al (2014) Peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived muscle density and peripheral magnetic resonance imaging-derived muscle adiposity: precision and associations with fragility fractures in women. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 14:401\u2013410","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"1529_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/38.4.394","author":"RE LaPorte","year":"1983","unstructured":"LaPorte RE, Black-Sandler R, Cauley JA, Link M, Bayles C, Marks B (1983) The assessment of physical activity in older women: analysis of the interrelationship and reliability of activity monitoring, activity surveys, and caloric intake. J Gerontol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/38.4.394","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"1529_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.14","author":"JA Cauley","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Sandler RB, Schramm MM, Kriska AM (1987) Comparison of methods to measure physical activity in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.14","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1529_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.12.005","volume":"22","author":"D Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar D, Karampinos DC, MacLeod TD, Lin W, Nardo L, Li X et al (2014) Quadriceps intramuscular fat fraction rather than muscle size is associated with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartil 22:226\u2013234","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil"},{"key":"1529_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.12.002","volume":"22","author":"AW Visser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Visser AW, de Mutsert R, Loef M, le Cessie S, den Heijer M, Bloem JL et al (2014) The role of fat mass and skeletal muscle mass in knee osteoarthritis is different for men and women: the NEO study. Osteoarthritis Cartil 22:197\u2013202","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartil"},{"key":"1529_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ostima.2022.100037","volume":"2","author":"J Tsang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsang J, Gardea M, Liu S, Tam K, Wong AK (2022) Higher intra-muscular fat within knee extensor and adductor muscles predicts more painful and progressive osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Imaging 2:100037","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Imaging"},{"key":"1529_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ostima.2023.100168","volume":"3","author":"SW Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu SW, Tam K, Yazdankhah N, Anwari V, Ha E, Whyte R et al (2023) The relationship between periarticular muscle properties and knee pain in non-overweight postmenopausal females. Osteoarthritis Imaging 3:100168","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Imaging"},{"key":"1529_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160272","volume":"43","author":"M Davison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davison M, Keir P, Maly M, Adachi J, Beattie K (2016) Knee pain intensity is associated with muscle adiposity in the whole thigh and hamstrings of women with knee osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 43:1149","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"1529_CR46","unstructured":"Addison Rene O (2012) Fit or fat: The relationship of inflammation, intramuscular fat and muscle, and mobility function in older adults"},{"key":"1529_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0019-1","volume":"18","author":"O Addison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Addison O, Drummond MJ, LaStayo PC, Dibble LE, Wende AR, McClain DA et al (2014) Intramuscular fat and inflammation differ in older adults: the impact of frailty and inactivity. J Nutr Health Aging 18:532\u2013538","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"1529_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-019-0123-4","volume":"3","author":"S Inhuber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inhuber S, Sollmann N, Schlaeger S, Dieckmeyer M, Burian E, Kohlmeyer C et al (2019) Associations of thigh muscle fat infiltration with isometric strength measurements based on chemical shift encoding-based water-fat magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol Exp 3:45","journal-title":"Eur Radiol Exp"},{"key":"1529_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-023-00995-7","volume":"23","author":"R Rehmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rehmann R, Enax-Krumova E, Meyer-Frie\u00dfem CH, Schlaffke L (2023) Quantitative muscle MRI displays clinically relevant myostructural abnormalities in long-term ICU-survivors: a case\u2013control study. BMC Med Imaging 23:38","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"1529_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.080796","volume":"99","author":"RA Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy RA, Reinders I, Register TC, Ayonayon HN, Newman AB, Satterfield S et al (2014) Associations of BMI and adipose tissue area and density with incident mobility limitation and poor performance in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 99:1059\u20131065","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1529_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-023-00327-2","author":"B Wollesen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wollesen B, Schott N, Klotzbier T, Bischoff LL, Cordes T, Rudisch J et al (2023) Cognitive, physical and emotional determinants of activities of daily living in nursing home residents\u2014a cross-sectional study within the PROCARE-project. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11556-023-00327-2","journal-title":"Eur Rev Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"1529_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9030065","author":"A Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh A, Akkala S, Nayak M, Kotlo A, Poondla N, Raza S et al (2024) Impact of pain on activities of daily living in older adults: a cross-sectional analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). Geriatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics9030065","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"1529_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12139","author":"F St-Jean-Pelletier","year":"2017","unstructured":"St-Jean-Pelletier F, Pion CH, Leduc-Gaudet JP, Sgarioto N, Zovil\u00e9 I, Barbat-Artigas S et al (2017) The impact of ageing, physical activity, and pre-frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and intramyocellular lipids in men. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12139","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"1529_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.142","author":"LA Consitt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Consitt LA, Bell JA, Houmard JA (2009) Intramuscular lipid metabolism, insulin action, and obesity. IUBMB Life. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iub.142","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"1529_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.193","author":"C Laurens","year":"2016","unstructured":"Laurens C, Louche K, Sengenes C, Cou\u00e9 M, Langin D, Moro C et al (2016) Adipogenic progenitors from obese human skeletal muscle give rise to functional white adipocytes that contribute to insulin resistance. Int J Obes. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2015.193","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1529_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2017.32.2.257","volume":"32","author":"JE Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim JE, Dunville K, Li J, Cheng JX, Conley TB, Couture CS et al (2017) Intermuscular adipose tissue content and intramyocellular lipid fatty acid saturation are associated with glucose homeostasis in middle-aged and older adults. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 32:257\u2013264","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"1529_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630588100","author":"LL Listenberger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Listenberger LL, Han X, Lewis SE, Cases S, Farese RV, Ory DS et al (2003) Triglyceride accumulation protects against fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0630588100","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1529_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-025-01230-y","author":"M Visser","year":"2025","unstructured":"Visser M, S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi K, Burchell GL, Schaap LA (2025) The association between muscle mass and change in physical functioning in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Geriatr Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-025-01230-y","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"key":"1529_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa161","author":"S Farsijani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farsijani S, Santanasto AJ, Miljkovic I, Boudreau RM, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB et al (2021) The relationship between intermuscular fat and physical performance is moderated by muscle area in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glaa161","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"1529_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","author":"RA Fielding","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB et al (2011) Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"1529_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503023320902","author":"JM Guralnik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Salive ME, Wallace RB (1995) Lower-extremity function in persons over the age of 70 years as a predictor of subsequent disability. N Engl J Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199503023320902","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1529_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.07.005","author":"K Engelke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Engelke K, Chaudry O, Gast L, Eldib MA, Wang L, Laredo JD et al (2023) Magnetic resonance imaging techniques for the quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle: state of the art. J Orthop Transl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jot.2023.07.005","journal-title":"J Orthop Transl"}],"container-title":["Calcified Tissue International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01529-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01529-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01529-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:19:29Z","timestamp":1778905169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01529-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00223-026-01529-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The AMBERS (14-113) study was approved by Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. The OAI was approved by the Institutional Review Board, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and its affiliates.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}],"article-number":"84"}}