{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:59:57Z","timestamp":1793973597365,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]],"date-time":"2008-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T02:09:54Z","timestamp":1220234994000},"page":"1147-1161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":621,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Roger K.","family":"Verbeeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198409010-00001","volume":"9","author":"SM Pond","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pond SM, Tozer TN (1984) First-pass elimination: basic concepts and clinical consequences. Clin Pharmacokinet 9:1\u201315","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200023337054","volume":"3","author":"PB Danielson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Danielson PB (2002) The cytochrome P450 superfamily: biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans. Curr Drug Metab 3:561\u2013597","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"553_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-120000653","volume":"33","author":"MB Fisher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fisher MB, Paine MF, Strelevitz TJ, Wrighton SA (2001) The role of hepatic and extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in human drug metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 33:273\u2013297","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"553_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199529050-00005","volume":"29","author":"DJ Morgan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morgan DJ, McLean AJ (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in patients with liver disease\u2013an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 29:370\u2013391","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR5","first-page":"117","volume":"14","author":"J Reichen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reichen J (1999) The role of the sinusoidal endothelium in liver function. News Physiol Sci 14:117\u2013121","journal-title":"News Physiol Sci"},{"key":"553_CR6","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Goodman & Gilman\u2019s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","author":"KM Giacomini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giacomini KM, Sigiyama Y (2006) Membrane transporters and drug response. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (eds) Goodman & Gilman\u2019s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 41\u201370","edition":"11"},{"key":"553_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000026420.79421.8f","volume":"21","author":"P Chandra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chandra P, Brouwer KLR (2004) The complexities of hepatic transport: current knowledge and emerging concepts. Pharm Res 21:719\u2013735","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"553_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544020-00004","volume":"44","author":"DG Couteur Le","year":"2005","unstructured":"Le Couteur DG, Fraser R, Hilmer S, Rivory LP, McLean AJ (2005) The hepatic sinusoid in aging and cirrhosis: effects on hepatic substrate disposition and drug clearance. Clin Pharmacokinet 44:187\u2013200","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80179-2","volume":"31","author":"M Traumer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Traumer M, Meier PJ, Boyer JL (1999) Molecular regulation of hepatocellular transport systems in cholestatsis. J Hepatol 31:165\u2013178","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"553_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01059626","volume":"1","author":"M Rowland","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rowland M, Benet LZ, Graham GG (1973) Clearance concepts in pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1:123\u2013136","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Biopharm"},{"key":"553_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06653-0","volume":"39","author":"GR Wilkinson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wilkinson GR (1987) Clearance approaches in pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 39:1\u201347","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"553_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282341","volume":"41","author":"EMM Quigley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Quigley EMM (1996) Gastrointestinal dysfunction in liver disease and portal hypertension: gut-liver interactions revisited. Dig Dis Sci 41:557\u2013563","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"553_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000026307.56909.21","volume":"49","author":"MJ Zuckerman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zuckerman MJ, Menzies IS, Ho H, Gregory GG, Casner NA, Crane RS, Hernandez JA (2004) Assessment of intestinal permeability and absorption in cirrhotic patients with ascites using combined sugar probes. Dig Dis Sci 49:621\u2013626","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"553_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197904060-00002","volume":"4","author":"TF Blaschke","year":"1979","unstructured":"Blaschke TF, Rubin PC (1979) Hepatic first-pass metabolism in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 4:423\u2013432","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199325040-00005","volume":"25","author":"YK Tam","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tam YK (1993) Individual variation in first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 25:300\u2013328","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR16","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Applied pharmacokinetics\u2013principles of therapeutic drug monitoring","author":"GR Wilkinson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wilkinson GR (1980) Influence of liver disease on pharmacokinetics. In: Evans WE, Schentag JJ, Jusko WJ (eds) Applied pharmacokinetics\u2013principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Applied Therapeutics, San Francisco, pp 19\u201341"},{"key":"553_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00625801","volume":"17","author":"PJ Pentik\u00e4inen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pentik\u00e4inen PJ, Neuvonen PJ, Jotell KG (1980) Pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole in healthy volunteers and patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 17:275\u2013284","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"553_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198800366-00026","volume":"36","author":"G Neugebauer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Neugebauer G, Gabor M, Reiff K (1988) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carvedilol in patients with liver cirrhosis. Drugs 36(Suppl 6):148\u2013154","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"553_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6144.1048","volume":"2","author":"M Homeida","year":"1978","unstructured":"Homeida M, Jackson L, Roberts CJC (1978) Decreased first-pass metabolism of labetalol in chronic liver disease. Br Med J 2:1048\u20131050","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"553_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80017-7","volume":"77","author":"EA Neal","year":"1979","unstructured":"Neal EA, Meffin PJ, Gregory PB, Blaschke TF (1979) Enhanced bioavailability and decreased clearance of analgesics in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 77:96\u2013102","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"553_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reg\u00e5rdh C-G, Jord\u00f6 L, Lundborg P, Olsson R, R\u00f6nn O (1981) Pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 6:375\u2013388","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198106050-00004"},{"key":"553_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03327.x","volume":"29","author":"PJ Pentik\u00e4inen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pentik\u00e4inen PJ, V\u00e4lisalmi L, Himberg JL, Crevoisier C (1989) Pharmacokinetics of midazolam following intravenous and oral administration in patients with chronic liver disease and in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 29:272\u2013277","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1990.tb03638.x","volume":"29","author":"J Hasselstr\u00f6m","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hasselstr\u00f6m J, Eriksson S, Persson A, Rane A, Svensson JO, S\u00e4we J (1990) The metabolism and bioavailability of morphine in patients with severe liver cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 29:289\u2013297","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1986.134","volume":"40","author":"CH Kleinbloesem","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kleinbloesem CH, van Harten J, Wilson JPH, Danhof M, van Brummelen P, Breimer DD (1986) Nifedipine: kinetics and hemodynamic effects in patients with liver cirrhosis after intravenous and oral administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:21\u201328","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542441","volume":"34","author":"J Harten van","year":"1988","unstructured":"van Harten J, van Brummelen P, Wilson JHP, Lodewijks MTM, Breimer DD (1988) Nisoldipine: kinetics and effects on blood pressure and heart rate in patients with liver cirrhosis after intravenous and oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34:387\u2013394","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630P","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00802.x","volume":"4","author":"RA Branch","year":"1977","unstructured":"Branch RA, Kornhauser DM, Shand DG, Wilkinson GR, Wood AJJ (1977) Biological determinants of propranolol disposition in normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4:630P","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01854.x","volume":"12","author":"A Somogyi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Somogyi A, Albrecht M, Kliems G, Schafer K, Eichelbaum M (1981) Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and ECH response in patients with liver cirrhosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 12:51\u201360","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.29306","volume":"34","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chalasani N, Gorski JC, Patel NH, Hall SD, Galinsky RE (2001) Hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A activity in cirrhosis: effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 34:1103\u20131108","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(98)90146-1","volume":"64","author":"JC Gorski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gorski JC, Jones DR, Haehner-Daniels BD, Hamman MA, O\u2019Mara EM Jr, Hall SD (1998) The contribution of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A to the interaction between midazolam and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64:133\u2013143","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR30","first-page":"82","volume-title":"Applied pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics\u2013principles of therapeutic drug monitoring","author":"JJ MacKichan","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacKichan JJ (2006) Influence of protein binding and use of unbound (free) drug concentrations. In: Burton ME, Shaw LM, Schentag JJ, Evans WE (eds) Applied pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics\u2013principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 82\u2013120"},{"key":"553_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197702010-00003","volume":"2","author":"TF Blaschke","year":"1977","unstructured":"Blaschke TF (1977) Protein binding and kinetics of drugs in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2:32\u201344","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000239001","volume":"38","author":"M Touny el","year":"1992","unstructured":"el Touny M, el Guinaidy M, Abdel Bary M, Osman L, Sabbour MS (1992) Pharmacokinetics of cefodizime in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Chemotherapy 38:201\u2013205","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"553_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00542162","volume":"27","author":"RL Williams","year":"1984","unstructured":"Williams RL, Upton RA, Cello JP, Jones RM, Blitstein M, Kelly J, Nierenburg D (1984) Naproxen disposition in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 27:291\u2013296","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR34","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Pharmacokinetics\u2013theory and practice","author":"TN Tozer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Tozer TN (1986) Concepts basic to pharmacokinetics. In: Rowland M, Tucker G (eds) Pharmacokinetics\u2013theory and practice. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 29\u201351"},{"key":"553_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200528060-00005","volume":"28","author":"F Delc\u00f2","year":"2005","unstructured":"Delc\u00f2 F, Tchambaz L, Schlienger R, Drewe J, Kr\u00e4henb\u00fchl S (2005) Dosage adjustment in patients with liver disease. Drug Saf 28:529\u2013545","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"553_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.001149","volume":"33","author":"L Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu L, Pang KS (2004) The roles of transporters and enzymes in hepatic drug processing. Drug Metab Disp 33:1\u20137","journal-title":"Drug Metab Disp"},{"key":"553_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140650","volume":"14","author":"DJ Morgan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Morgan DJ, McLean AJ (1991) Therapeutic implications of impaired hepatic oxygen diffusion in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 14:1280\u20131282","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR38","first-page":"20","volume":"21","author":"J George","year":"1995","unstructured":"George J, Murray M, Byth K et al (1995) Differential alterations of cytochrome P450 proteins in livers from patients with severe chronic liver disease. Hepatology 21:20\u2013128","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(94)00515-N","volume":"49","author":"J George","year":"1995","unstructured":"George J, Liddle C, Murray M et al (1995) Pre-translational regulation of cytochrome P450 genes is responsible for disease-specific changes of individual P450 enzymes among patients with cirrhosis. Biochem Pharmacol 49:873\u2013881","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38249-7","volume":"289","author":"V Furlan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furlan V, Demirdjian S, Bourdon O et al (1999) Glucuronidation of drugs by hepatic microsomes derived from healthy and cirrhotic human livers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1169\u20131175","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"553_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200043335531","volume":"5","author":"J-P Villeneuve","year":"2004","unstructured":"Villeneuve J-P, Pichette V (2004) Cytochrome P450 and liver diseases. Curr Drug Metab 5:273\u2013282","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"553_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200043489054","volume":"5","author":"RH Elbekai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Elbekai RH, Korashy HM, El-Kadi OS (2000) The effect of liver cirrhosis on the regulation and expression of drug metabolising enzymes. Curr Drug Metab 5:157\u2013167","journal-title":"Curr Drug Metab"},{"key":"553_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(98)90017-0","volume":"64","author":"A Adedoyin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Adedoyin A, Arns PA, Richards WO, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA (1998) Selective effect of liver disease on the activities of specific metabolizing enzymes: investigation of cytochromes P450 2C19 and 2D6. Clin Pharmacol Ther 64:8\u201317","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(98)90077-7","volume":"64","author":"RA Branch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Branch RA (1998) Drugs in liver disease (letter to the editor). Clin Pharmacol Ther 64:462\u2013465","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.05.006","volume":"80","author":"RF Frye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frye RF, Zgheib NK, Matzke GR, Chaves-Gnecco D, Rabinovitz M, Shaikh OS, Branch RA (2006) Liver disease selectively modulates cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:235\u2013245","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645010-00002","volume":"45","author":"AK Daly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Daly AK (2006) Significance of the minor cytochrome P450 3A isoforms. Clin Pharmacokinet 45:13\u201331","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.62.1.162","volume":"62","author":"YS Lin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin YS, Dowling ALS, Quigely SD, Farin FM, Zhang J, Lamba J, Schuetz EG, Thummel KE (2002) Co-regulation of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and contribution to hepatic and intestinal midazolam metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 62:162\u2013172","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.119312","volume":"70","author":"JM Kovarik","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kovarik JM, Sabia HD, Figueiredo J, Zimmermann H, Reynolds C, Dilzer SC, Lasseter K, Rordorf C (2001) Influence of hepatic impairment on everolimus pharmacokinetics: implications for dose adjustment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 70:425\u2013430","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130428","volume":"13","author":"AM Hoyumpa","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hoyumpa AM, Schenker S (1991) Is glucuronidation truly preserved in patients with liver disease? Hepatology 13:786\u2013795","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199834030-00004","volume":"34","author":"M Levy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Levy M, Caraco Y, Geisslinger G (1998) Drug acetylation in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 34:219\u2013226","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-84-4-420","volume":"84","author":"HJ Shull","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shull HJ, Wilkinson GR, Johnson R et al (1976) Normal disposition of oxazepam in acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 84:420\u2013425","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"553_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1978244411","volume":"24","author":"JW Kraus","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kraus JW, Desmond PV, Marshall JP et al (1978) Effects of aging and liver disease on disposition of lorazepam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 24:411\u2013419","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00614203","volume":"30","author":"H Ghabrial","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ghabrial H, Desmond PV, Watson KJ et al (1986) The effects of age and chronic liver disease on the elimination of temazepam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 30:93\u201397","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1977214430","volume":"21","author":"U Klotz","year":"1977","unstructured":"Klotz U, Antonin KH, Br\u00fcgel H, Bieck PR (1977) Disposition of diazepam and its major metabolite desmethyldiazepam in patients with liver disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 21:430\u2013436","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90695-9","volume":"108","author":"HS Debinski","year":"1995","unstructured":"Debinski HS, Lee CS, Danks JA, Mackenzie PI, Desmond PV (1995) Localization of 5\u2032-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase in human liver injury. Gastroenterology 108:1464\u20131469","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"553_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.203","volume":"48","author":"JX Mazoit","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mazoit JX, Sandouk P, Scherrmann JM, Roche A (1990) Extrahepatic metabolism of morphine occurs in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 48:613\u2013618","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00558076","volume":"36","author":"B Crotty","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crotty B, Watson KJ, Desmond PV et al (1989) Hepatic extraction of morphine is impaired in cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36:501\u2013506","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314852","volume":"42","author":"JI Macdonald","year":"1992","unstructured":"Macdonald JI, Wallace SM, Mahachai V et al (1992) Both phenolic and acyl glucuronidation pathways of diflunisal are impaired in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42:471\u2013474","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190123","volume":"15","author":"M Hildebrand","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hildebrand M, Hellstern A, Humpel M et al (1990) Plasma levels and urinary excretion of lormetazepam in patients with liver cirrhosis and in healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 15:19\u201326","journal-title":"Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840110607","volume":"11","author":"J Sonne","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sonne J, Anderson PB, Loft S, Dossing M, Andreasen F (1990) Glucuronidation of oxazepam is not spared in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 11:951\u2013956","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2001.01389.x","volume":"51","author":"P Marcellin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marcellin P, de Bony F, Garret C, Altman C, Boige V, Castelnau C, Laurent-Puig C, Trinchet JC, Rolan P, Chen C, Mamet JP, Bidault R (2001) Influence of cirrhosis on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 51:410\u2013414","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.101","volume":"47","author":"AM Taburet","year":"1990","unstructured":"Taburet AM, Naveau S, Zorza G et al (1990) Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47:731\u2013739","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04209.x","volume":"36","author":"G Parker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Parker G, Bullingham R, Kamm B et al (1996) Pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in volunteer subjects with varying degrees of hepatic oxidative impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 36:332\u2013344","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38249-7","volume":"289","author":"V Furlan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furlan V, Demirdjian S, Bourdon O, Magdalou J, Taburet A-M (1999) Glucuronidation of drugs by hepatic microsomes derived from healthy and cirrhotic human livers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:1169\u20131175","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"553_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.2.129","volume":"30","author":"M Congiu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Congiu M, Mashford ML, Slavin JL, Desmond PV (2002) UDP glucuronosyltransferase mRNA levels in human liver disease. Drug Metab Disp 30:129\u2013134","journal-title":"Drug Metab Disp"},{"key":"553_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2005.12.007","volume":"27","author":"MJ Zamek-Gliszczynski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Hofmaster KA, Nezasa K, Tallman MN, Brouwer KL (2006) Integration of hepatic drug transporters and phase II metabolizing enzymes: mechanisms of hepatic excretion of sulphate, glucuronide and glutathione metabolites. Eur J Pharm Sci 27:447\u2013486","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"553_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.009258","volume":"34","author":"JL Lam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lam JL, Okochi H, Huang Y, Benet LZ (2006) In vitro and in vivo correlation of hepatic transporter effects on erythromycin metabolism: characterizing the importance of transporter-enzyme interplay. Drug Metab Disp 34:1336\u20131344","journal-title":"Drug Metab Disp"},{"key":"553_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06642-6","volume":"36","author":"CD Klaassen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Klaassen CD, Watkins JB III (1984) Mechanisms of bile formation, hepatic uptake, and biliary excretion. Pharmacol Rev 36:1\u201367","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"553_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5662.88","volume":"3","author":"PR Mortimer","year":"1969","unstructured":"Mortimer PR, Mackie DB, Haynes S (1969) Ampicillin levels in human bile in the presence of biliary tract disease. Br Med J 3:88\u201389","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"553_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5824.441","volume":"3","author":"JEL Sales","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sales JEL, Sutcliffe M, O\u2019Grady F (1972) Cephalexin levels in human bile in the presence of biliary tract disease. Br Med J 3:441\u2013442","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"553_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-84-2-168","volume":"84","author":"RB Brown","year":"1976","unstructured":"Brown RB, Martyak SN, Barza M, Curtis L, Weinstein L (1976) Penetration of clindamycin phosphate into the abnormal human biliary tract. Ann Intern Med 84:168\u2013170","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"553_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/25.3.399","volume":"25","author":"JWC Leung","year":"1990","unstructured":"Leung JWC, Chan RCY, Cheung SW, Sung JY, Chung SCS, French GL (1990) The effect of obstruction on the biliary excretion of cefoperazone and ceftazidime. J Antimicrob Chemother 25:399\u2013406","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"553_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/33.1.193","volume":"33","author":"OM Delden van","year":"1994","unstructured":"van Delden OM, van Leeuwen DJ, Jansen PLM, Hoek FJ, Huibregtse K, Tytgat GNJ (1994) Biliary excretion of ceftriaxon in non-stagnant and stagnant bile. J Antimicrob Chemother 33:193\u2013194","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"553_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Hazel SJ, de Vries XH, Speelman P, Dankert J, Tytgat GNJ, Huibregtse K, van Leeuwen DJ (1996) Biliary excretion of ciprofloxacin and piperacillin in the obstructed biliary tract. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2658\u20132660","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2658"},{"key":"553_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22646","volume":"33","author":"G Zollner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zollner G, Fickert P, Zenz R, Fuchsbichler A, Stumptner C, Kenner L, Ferenci P, Stauber RE, Krejs GJ, Denk H, Zatloukal K, Trauner M (2001) Hepatobiliary transporter expression in percutaneous liver biopsies of patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Hepatology 33:633\u2013646","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(01)00159-0","volume":"23","author":"GA Kullak-Ublick","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kullak-Ublick GA, Baretton GB, Oswald M, Renner EL, Paumgartner G, Beuers U (2002) Expression of the heaptocyte canalicular multidrug resistant protein (MRP2) in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 23:78\u201382","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"553_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00096-5","volume":"38","author":"G Zollner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zollner G, Fickert P, Silbert D, Fuchsbichler A, Marschall H-U, Zatloukal K, Denk H Tranner M (2003) Adaptive changes in hepatobiliary transporter expression in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 38:717\u2013727","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"553_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00548399","volume":"22","author":"G Gonzales","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gonzales G, Aransibia A, Rivas MI, Caro P, Antezana C (1982) Pharmacokinetics of frusemide in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 22:315\u2013320","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1983.tb01493.x","volume":"25","author":"LA Marantonio","year":"1983","unstructured":"Marantonio LA, Auls WHR, Murdoch WR, Purohit R, Skellern GG, Howes CA (1983) The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the diuretic bumetanide in hepatic and renal disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 25:245\u2013252","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00543795","volume":"25","author":"JP Cello","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cello JP, Oie S (1983) Cimetidine disposition in patients with Laennec\u2019s cirrhosis during multiple dosing therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 25:223\u2013229","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1984.65","volume":"35","author":"IL Smith","year":"1984","unstructured":"Smith IL, Ziemniak JA, Bernhard H, Eshelman FN, Martin LE, Schentagg JJ (1984) Ranitidine disposition and systemic availability in hepatic cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35:487\u2013494","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2005.02.003","volume":"77","author":"J Brockm\u00f6ller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brockm\u00f6ller J, Thomsen T, Wittstock M, Coupez R, Lochs H, Roots I (2005) Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in patients with moderate to severe liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C): characterization by dynamic liver function tests. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:529\u2013541","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.6.850","volume":"48","author":"R Orlando","year":"2002","unstructured":"Orlando R, Mussap M, Plebani M et al (2002) Diagnostic value of plasma cystatin C as a glomerular filtration marker in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Clin Chem 48:850\u2013858","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"553_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh839","volume":"20","author":"NL Proulx","year":"2005","unstructured":"Proulx NL, Akbari A, Garg AX, Rostom A, Jaffey J, Clark HD (2005) Measured creatinine clearance from timed urine collections substantially overestimates glomerular filtration rate in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:1617\u20131622","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"553_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90156-2","volume":"82","author":"MA Papadakis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Papadakis MA, Arieff AI (1987) Unpredictability of clinical evaluation of renal function in cirrhosis. Am J Med 82:945\u2013952","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"553_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199200221-00006","volume":"22","author":"GR Granneman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Granneman GR, Mahr G, Locke C, Nickel P, Kirch W, Fabian W, Kinzig M, Naber KG, S\u00f6rgel F (1992) Pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin in patients with liver impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 22(Suppl 1):24\u201332","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420020117013","volume":"154","author":"L Caregaro","year":"1994","unstructured":"Caregaro L, Menon F, Angeli P, Amodia P, Merkel C, Bortoluzzi A, Alberino F, Gatta A (1994) Limitations of serum creatinine level and creatinine clearance as filtration markers in cirrhosis. Arch Intern Med 154:201\u2013205","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"553_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809090148","volume":"23","author":"B Caujolle","year":"1988","unstructured":"Caujolle B, Ballet F, Poupon R (1988) Relationships among beta-adrenergic blockade, propranolol concentration, and liver function in patients with cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 23:925\u2013930","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"553_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05174.x","volume":"21","author":"MJ Ramond","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ramond MJ, Comoy E, Lebrec D (1986) Alterations in isoprenaline sensitivity in patients with cirrhosis: evidence of abnormality of the sympathetic nervous activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 21:191\u2013196","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91556-4","volume":"1","author":"AL Gerbes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gerbes AL, Remien J, Jungst D, Sauerbruch Y, Paumgartner G (1986) Evidence for down-regulation of beta-2-adrenoceptors in cirrhosis patients with severe cirrhosis. Lancet 1:1409\u20131411","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"553_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00266359","volume":"42","author":"I Janku","year":"1992","unstructured":"Janku I, Perlik F, Tkaczykova M, Brodanova M (1992) Disposition kinetics and concentration-effect relationship of metipranolol in patients with cirrhosis and healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42:337\u2013340","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00554663","volume":"20","author":"E Keller","year":"1981","unstructured":"Keller E, Hoppe-Seyler G, Mumm R, Schollmeyer P (1981) Influence of hepatic cirrhosis and end-stage renal disease on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 20:27\u201333","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1986.132","volume":"40","author":"JP Villeneuve","year":"1986","unstructured":"Villeneuve JP, Verbeeck RK, Wilkinson GR, Branch RA (1986) Furosemide kinetics and dynamics in cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 40:14\u201320","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR94","first-page":"6","volume":"11","author":"MT Dao","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dao MT, Villeneuve JP (1988) Kinetics and dynamics of triamterene at steady-state in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Invest Med 11:6\u20139","journal-title":"Clin Invest Med"},{"key":"553_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1984.121","volume":"35","author":"JP Villeneuve","year":"1984","unstructured":"Villeneuve JP, Rocheleau F, Raymond G (1984) Triamterene kinetics and dynamics in cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35:831\u2013837","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1993.116","volume":"54","author":"S Schwartz","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schwartz S, Brater DC, Pound D, Green PK, Kramer WG, Rudy D (1993) Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of torasemide in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 54:90\u201397","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80207-8","volume":"25","author":"P Gentilini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gentilini P, La Villa G, Marra F, Carloni V, Melani L, Foschi M, Cotrozzi G, Quartini M, Chibbaro G, Tommassi AC, Bernareggi A, Simoni A, Buzzelli G, Laffi G (1996) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of torasemide and furosemide in patients with diuretic resistant ascites. J Hepatol 25:481\u2013490","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"553_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1983.tb01493.x","volume":"15","author":"LA Marcantonio","year":"1983","unstructured":"Marcantonio LA, Auld WHR, Murdoch WR, Purohit R, Skellern GG, Howes CA (1983) The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the diuretic bumetanide in hepatic and renal disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15:245\u2013252","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070403","volume":"7","author":"G Bakti","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bakti G, Fisch HU, Karlaganis G, Minder C, Bircher J (1987) Mechanism of the excessive sedative response of cirrhotics to benzodiazepines: model experiments with triazolam. Hepatology 7:629\u2013638","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.2.190","volume":"27","author":"AJ MacGilchrist","year":"1986","unstructured":"MacGilchrist AJ, Birnie GG, Cook A, Scobie G, Murray T, Watkinson G, Brodie MJ (1986) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous midazolam in patients with severe alcoholic cirrhosis. Gut 27:190\u2013195","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"553_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746100-00002","volume":"46","author":"M Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis M (2007) Cholestasis and endogenous opioids \u2013 liver disease and endogenous opioid pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 46:825\u2013850","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MEBR.0000043974.89820.22","volume":"19","author":"S Ahboucha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ahboucha S, Pomier-Layrargues G, Butterworth RF (2004) Increased brain concentrations of endogenous (non-benzodiazepine) GABA-A receptor ligands in human hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 19:241\u2013251","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"553_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199243030-00003","volume":"43","author":"P Gines","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gines P, Arrovo V, Rodes J (1992) Pharmacotherapy of ascites associated with cirrhosis. Drugs 43:316\u2013332","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"553_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)70056-1","volume":"66","author":"J Roussat","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roussat J, Maillard M, Nussberger J et al (1999) Renal effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in normotensive salt-depleted subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 66:76\u201384","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800600817","volume":"60","author":"RN Pugh","year":"1973","unstructured":"Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R (1973) Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 60:646\u2013649","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"553_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50016","volume":"124","author":"R Wiesner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R et al (2003) Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gasroenterology 124:91\u201396","journal-title":"Gasroenterology"},{"key":"553_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20824","volume":"12","author":"E Cholongitas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cholongitas E, Marelli L, Shusang V et al (2006) A systematic review of the performance of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) in the setting of liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 12:1049\u20131061","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"553_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199427030-00005","volume":"27","author":"J Brockm\u00f6ller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brockm\u00f6ller J, Roots I (1994) Assessment of liver metabolic function. Clin Pharmacokinet 27:216\u2013248","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR109","first-page":"19","volume":"8","author":"P Burra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burra P, Masier A (2004) Dynamic tests to study liver function. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 8:19\u201321","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"553_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1991.tb05606.x","volume":"32","author":"PA Soons","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soons PA, De Boer A, Cohen AF, Breimer DD (1991) Assessment of hepatic blood flow in healthy subjects by continuous infusion of indocyanine green. Br J Clin Pharmacol 32:697\u2013704","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.01.049","volume":"38","author":"P Faybik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Faybik P, Hetz H (2006) Plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green in liver dysfunction. Transplant Proc 38:801\u2013802","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"553_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80552-4","volume":"4","author":"S Keiding","year":"1987","unstructured":"Keiding S (1987) Hepatic clearance and liver blood flow. J Hepatol 4:393\u2013398","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"553_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80024-6","volume":"95","author":"J Zeeh","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zeeh J, Lange H, Bosch J, Pohl S, Loesgen H, Eggers R, Navasa M, Chesta J, Bircher J (1988) Steady-state extrarenal sorbitol clearance as a measure of hepatic plasma flow. Gastroeneterology 95:749\u2013759","journal-title":"Gastroeneterology"},{"key":"553_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(98)90139-1","volume":"131","author":"G Molino","year":"1998","unstructured":"Molino G, Avagnina P, Belforte G, Bircher J (1998) Assessment of the hepatic circulation in humans: new concepts based on evidence derived from a D-sorbitol clearance method. J Lab Clin Med 131:393\u2013405","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"553_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199324040-00006","volume":"24","author":"D Fabre","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fabre D, Bressolle F, Gomeni R, Bouvet O, Dubois A, Raffanel C, Gris JC, Galtier M (1993) Identification of patients with impaired hepatic drug metabolism using a limited sampling procedure for estimation of phenazone (antipyrine) pharmacokinetic parameters. Clin Pharmacokinet 24:333\u2013343","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040107","volume":"4","author":"E Renner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Renner E, Wietholtz H, Huguenin P, Arnaud MJ, Preisig R (1984) Caffeine: a model compound for measuring liver function. Hepatology 4:38\u201346","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2003.23","volume":"73","author":"JF Rogers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rogers JF, Rocci ML, Haughey DB, Bertino JS (2003) An evaluation of the suitability of intravenous midazolam as an in vivo marker for hepatic cytochrome P4503A activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 73:153\u2013158","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90001-6","volume":"59","author":"G Engel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Engel G, Hofmann U, Heidemann H, Cosme J, Eichelbaum (1996) Antipyrine as a probe for human oxidative metabolism: identification of the cytochrome P50 enzymes catalyzing 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59:613\u2013623","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01374.x","volume":"16","author":"A Armuzzi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Armuzzi A, Candelli M, Zocco MA, Andreoli A, De Lorenzo A, Nista EC, Miele L, Cremonini F, Cazzato IA, Grieco A, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A (2002) Review article: breath testing for human liver assessment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:1977\u20131996","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060520","volume":"6","author":"JP Villeneuve","year":"1986","unstructured":"Villeneuve JP, Infante-Rivard C, Ampelas M, Pomier-Layrargues G, Huet PM, Marleau D (1986) Prognostic value of the aminopyrine breath test in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 6:928\u2013931","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"553_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)70029-9","volume":"66","author":"M Kinirons","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kinirons M, O\u2019Shea D, Kim RB, Groopman JD, Thummel KE, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR (1999) Failure of erythromycin breath test to correlate with midazolam clearance as a probe of cytochrome P4503A. Clin Pharmacol Ther 66:224\u201331","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200140030-00001","volume":"40","author":"LP Rivory","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rivory LP, Slaviero KA, Hoskins JM, Clarke SJ (2001) The erythromycin breath test for prediction of drug clearance. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:151\u2013158","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.06.002","volume":"80","author":"D Kurnik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kurnik D, Wood AJJ, Wilkinson GR (2006) The erythromycin breath test reflects P-glycoprotein function indepently of cytochrome P450 3A activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80:228\u2013234","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.58.4.863","volume":"58","author":"LB Lan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lan LB, Dalton JT, Schuetz EG (2000) Mdr1 limits CYP3A metabolism in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 58:863\u2013869","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200104000-00001","volume":"23","author":"M Oellerich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oellerich M, Armstrong VW (2001) The MEGX test: a tool for the real-time assessment of hepatic function. Ther Drug Monit 23:81\u201392","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"553_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.09.007","volume":"75","author":"R Orlando","year":"2004","unstructured":"Orlando R, Piccoli P, De Martin S, Padrini R, Floreani M, Palatini P (2004) Cytochrome P450 1A2 is a major determinant of lidocaine metabolism in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 75:80\u201388","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80187-4","volume":"19","author":"YS Huang","year":"1993","unstructured":"Huang YS, Lee SD, Deng JF, Xu JC, Lu RH, Lin YF, Wang Yj, Lo KJ (1993) Measuring lidocaine metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide as a quantitative index of hepatic function in adults with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. J Hepatol 19:140\u2013147","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"553_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80186-2","volume":"19","author":"B Meyer-Wyss","year":"1993","unstructured":"Meyer-Wyss B, Renner E, Luo H, Scholer A (1993) Assessment of lidocaine metabolite function in comparison with other quantitative liver function tests. J Hepatol 19:133\u2013139","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"553_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90775-T","volume":"102","author":"S Kawasaki","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kawasaki S, Immamura H, Bandai Y, Sanjo K, Idezuki Y (1992) Direct evidence for the intact hepatocyte theory in patients with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 102:1351\u20131355","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"553_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1988.206","volume":"44","author":"A Colli","year":"1988","unstructured":"Colli A, Buccino G, Cocciolo M, Parravicini R, Scaltrini G (1988) Disposition of a flow-limited drug (lidocaine) and a metabolic capacity limited drug (theophylline) in liver cirrhosis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44:642\u2013649","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"553_CR131","unstructured":"FDA (2003) Guidance for industry: pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired hepatic function: study design, data analysis, and impact on dosing and labelling. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/cber\/gdlns\/imphep.pdf . Accessed 16 August 2008"},{"key":"553_CR132","unstructured":"EMEA (2005) Guideline on the evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of medicinal products in patients with impaired hepatic function. http:\/\/www.emea.europa.eu\/pdfs\/human\/ewp\/23390en.pdf . Accessed 16 August 2008"},{"key":"553_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060287","volume":"64","author":"JW Spray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spray JW, Willett K, Chase D, Sindelar R, Connelly S (2007) Dosage adjustment for hepatic dysfunction based on Child-Pugh scores. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 64:690\u2013693","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm"},{"key":"553_CR134","unstructured":"Hebert MF (1998) Guide to drug dosage in hepatic disease. In:Holford N (ed) Drug data handbook, 3rd edn. Adis International, Auckland, pp 121\u2013179"},{"key":"553_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/00912700022008649","volume":"40","author":"SI Sokol","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sokol SI, Cheng A, Prishman WH, Kaza CS (2000) Cardiovascular drug therapy in patients with hepatic diseases and patients with congestive heart failure. J Clin Pharmacol 40:11\u201330","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"553_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746120-00002","volume":"46","author":"U Klotz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klotz U (2007) Antiarrhythmics \u2013 elimination and dosage considerations in hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 46:985\u2013996","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746100-00002","volume":"46","author":"M Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis M (2007) Cholestasis and endogenous opioids: liver disease and exogenous pioid pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 46:825\u2013850","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937010-00002","volume":"37","author":"I Tegeder","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tegeder I, L\u00f6tsch J, Geisslinger G (1999) Pharmacokinetics of opioids in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 37:17\u201340","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200847030-00002","volume":"47","author":"SM McCabe","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCabe SM, Ma Q, Slish JC, Catanzaro LM, Sheth N, DiCenzo R, Morse GD (2008) Antiretroviral therapy \u2013 pharmacokinetic considerations in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Clin Pharmacokinet 47:153\u2013172","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199937050-00004","volume":"37","author":"V Rodighiero","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodighiero V (1999) Effect of liver disease on pharmacokinetics \u2013 an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 37:399\u2013431","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"553_CR141","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Applied pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics\u2013principles of therapeutic drug monitoring","author":"ADM Kashuba","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kashuba ADM, Park JJ, Persky AM, Brouwer KLR (2006) Drug metabolism, transport, and the influence of hepatic disease. In: Burton ME, Shaw LM, Schentag JJ, Evans WE (eds) Applied pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics\u2013principles of therapeutic drug monitoring. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 121\u2013164"},{"key":"553_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629060-00004","volume":"29","author":"L Tchambaz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tchambaz L, Schlatter C, Jakob M, Kr\u00e2henb\u00fbhl A, Wolf P, Kr\u00e2henb\u00fbhl S (2006) Dose adaptation of antineoplastic drugs in patients with liver disease. Drug Saf 29:509\u2013522","journal-title":"Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T14:34:25Z","timestamp":1738334065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-008-0553-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6970","1432-1041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6970","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,2]]}}}