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Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for severe bleeding were estimated using multiple Cox regression adjusting for indications and including covariates age, sex, comorbidities and co-medications. Interactions between sex and other covariates were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study cohort included 232,624 patients \u2265\u200918\u00a0years (101,011 women and 131,613 men). The incidence rate of severe bleeding was 37 per 1000 person-years, lower among women than men with an adjusted HR (95% CI) of 0.84 (0.80\u20130.88). Incidence of bleeding increased with age, HR 2.88 (2.37\u20133.50) comparing age \u2265\u200980 to &lt;\u200940\u00a0years, and comorbidities associated with the highest risk of severe bleeding were prior bleeding, HR 1.85 (1.74\u20131.97); renal failure, HR 1.82 (1.66\u20132.00); and alcohol dependency diagnosis, HR 1.79 (1.57\u20132.05). Other comorbidities significantly associated with bleeding events were hypertension, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, liver failure, stroke\/TIA, COPD and cancer.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most of the well-established risk factors were found to be significantly associated with bleeding events in our study. We additionally found that women had a lower incidence of bleeding. Potential biases are selection effects, residual confounding and unmeasured frailty.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02856-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T13:02:25Z","timestamp":1585400545000},"page":"867-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Risk factors for severe bleeding events during warfarin treatment: the influence of sex, age, comorbidity and co-medication"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Rydberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rickard E.","family":"Malmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0134","volume":"138","author":"R Pisters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY (2010) A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the euro heart survey. 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