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Patients with atrial fibrillation and newly initiated NOAC treatment were identified in the Prescribed Drug Register. Comorbidities and outcome data were retrieved from the Patient Register and the Cause of Death Register. Cox-regression analyses were performed to evaluate the primary endpoints any severe bleed and ischemic stroke\/transient ischemic attack\/stroke unspecified during the first six months of treatment. Secondary endpoints were gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial bleeding, ischemic stroke, and venous thromboembolism.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Increased risk of any severe bleed was found when NOAC treatment, and drugs with pharmacodynamic effect on bleeding were combined, compared to NOAC only. An increased risk with these combinations was evident for apixaban (hazard ratio (HR) 1.47; 95% CI 1.33\u20131.63), rivaroxaban (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.49\u20131.92), and dabigatran (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.05\u20131.52). For apixaban, there was an increased risk of any severe bleed when combined with CYP3A4 and\/or P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01\u20131.5). The use of inducers of CYP3A4 and\/or P-gp was low in this cohort, and effects on ischemic stroke\/TIA\/stroke unspecified could not be established.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Increased risk of bleeding was seen for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with NOACs. Prescribers need to be vigilant of the effect of interacting drugs on the risk profile of patients treated with NOACs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03015-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T23:04:53Z","timestamp":1602111893000},"page":"409-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Bleeding and thromboembolism due to drug-drug interactions with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants\u2014a Swedish, register-based cohort study in atrial fibrillation outpatients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Holm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buster","family":"Mannheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rickard E","family":"Malmstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Eliasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatan D","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"3015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy136","volume":"39","author":"J Steffel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steffel J, Verhamme P, Potpara TS, Albaladejo P, Antz M, Desteghe L, Haeusler KG, Oldgren J, Reinecke H, Roldan-Schilling V, Rowell N, Sinnaeve P, Collins R, Camm AJ, Heidbuchel H (2018) The 2018 European heart rhythm association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation. 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