{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:00:41Z","timestamp":1785290441205,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-023-03523-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1687978916000},"page":"1147-1157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Beyond benzodiazepines: a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis of the efficacy and safety of alternative options for alcohol withdrawal syndrome management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Dimy","family":"Fluyau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanth Kattalai","family":"Kailasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR1","first-page":"5","volume":"22","author":"R Saitz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Saitz R (1998) Introduction to alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res World 22(1):5\u201312","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR2","first-page":"61","volume":"22","author":"LA Trevisan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trevisan LA, Boutros N, Petrakis IL, Krystal JH (1998) Complications of alcohol withdrawal: pathophysiological insights. Alcohol Health Res World 22(1):61\u201366","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"issue":"8","key":"3523_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.128322","volume":"79","author":"A McKeon","year":"2008","unstructured":"McKeon A, Frye MA, Delanty N (2008) Alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(8):854\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2007.128322","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3523_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01451.x","volume":"35","author":"J Campos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campos J, Roca L, Gude F, Gonzalez-Quintela A (2011) Long-term mortality of patients admitted to the hospital with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35(6):1180\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01451.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR5","first-page":"348","volume":"31","author":"HC Becker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Becker HC (2008) Alcohol dependence, withdrawal, and relapse. Alcohol Res Health 31(4):348\u2013361","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR6","first-page":"214","volume":"13","author":"CE Griffin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Griffin CE, Kaye AM, Bueno FR, Kaye AD (2013) Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system\u2013mediated effects. Ochsner J 13(2):214\u2013223","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"7","key":"3523_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02627.x","volume":"26","author":"A Koski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koski A, Ojanper\u00e4 I, Vuori E (2002) Alcohol and benzodiazepines in fatal poisonings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26(7):956\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02627.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3523_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00563011","volume":"18","author":"PV Desmond","year":"1980","unstructured":"Desmond PV, Patwardhan RV, Schenker S, Hoyumpa AM (1980) Short-term ethanol administration impairs the elimination of chlordiazepoxide (Librium\u00ae) in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18:275\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00563011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2361","volume":"3","author":"ME Tori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tori ME, Larochelle MR, Naimi TS (2020) Alcohol or benzodiazepine co-involvement with opioid overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132017. JAMA Netw Open 3(4):e202361\u2013e202361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2361","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2013.07.2684","volume":"125","author":"JA Gudin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gudin JA, Mogali S, Jones JD, Comer SD (2013) Risks, management, and monitoring of combination opioid, benzodiazepines, and\/or alcohol use. Postgrad Med 125(4):115\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3810\/pgm.2013.07.2684","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"3523_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.61.04.381","volume":"61","author":"JV Costardi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costardi JV, Nampo RA, Silva GL, Ribeiro MA, Stella HJ, Stella MB, Malheiros SV (2015) A review on alcohol: from the central action mechanism to chemical dependency. Rev Assoc Med Bras 61:381\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1806-9282.61.04.381","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3523_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01939-8","volume":"448","author":"GL Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs GL, Soroncz M, Tegyei I (2002) Plasma catecholamines in ethanol tolerance and withdrawal in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 448(2\u20133):151\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01939-8","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3523_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00009-4","volume":"125","author":"HC Becker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becker HC, Mulholland PJ (2014) Neurochemical mechanisms of alcohol withdrawal. Handb Clin Neurol 125:133\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00009-4","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3523_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2005.00071.x","volume":"5","author":"MA Rogawski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rogawski MA (2005) Update on the neurobiology of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Epilepsy currents 5(6):225\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2005.00071.x","journal-title":"Epilepsy currents"},{"issue":"3","key":"3523_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2017.03.012","volume":"33","author":"JR Maldonado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maldonado JR (2017) Novel algorithms for the prophylaxis and management of alcohol withdrawal syndromes\u2013beyond benzodiazepines. Crit Care Clin 33(3):559\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccc.2017.03.012","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"3523_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108536","volume":"220","author":"IK Pribek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pribek IK, Kovacs I, Kadar BK, Kovacs CS, Richman MJ, Janka Z, Ando B, Lazar BA (2021) Evaluation of the course and treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol\u2013Revised: a systematic review-based meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 220:108536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108536","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15510","volume":"117","author":"JY Lai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lai JY, Kalk N, Roberts E (2022) The effectiveness and tolerability of anti-seizure medication in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. Addiction 117(1):5\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15510","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3523_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109671","author":"AG Mattle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mattle AG, McGrath P, Sanu A, Kunadharaju R, Kersten B, Zammit K, Mammen MJ (2022) Gabapentin to treat acute alcohol withdrawal in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109671","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agab057","volume":"57","author":"J Rojo-Mira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rojo-Mira J, Pineda-\u00c1lvarez M, Zapata-Ospina JP (2022) Efficacy and safety of anticonvulsants for the inpatient treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alcohol Alcohol 57(2):155\u2013164","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3523_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15853","volume":"117","author":"A Bahji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bahji A, Bach P, Danilewitz M, Crockford D, el-Guebaly N, Devoe DJ, Saitz R, (2022) Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapies for alcohol withdrawal: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Addiction 117(10):2591\u20132601","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa125","volume":"56","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh A, Mahintamani T, Choudhury S, Sharma N, Das S (2021) The effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine, non-barbiturate medications for alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a rapid systematic review. Alcohol Alcohol 56(5):513\u2013534","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"3523_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, Davoli M (2010) Anticonvulsants for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005064.pub3"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR23","first-page":"649","volume":"160","author":"AM Holbrook","year":"1999","unstructured":"Holbrook AM, Crowther R, Lotter A, Cheng C, King D (1999) Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. CMAJ 160(5):649\u2013655","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12671","volume":"135","author":"S Jesse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jesse S, Br\u00e5then G, Ferrara M, Keindl M, Ben-Menachem E, Tanasescu R, Brodtkorb E, Hillbom M, Leone MA, Ludolph AC (2017) Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: mechanisms, manifestations, and management. Acta Neurol Scand 135(1):4\u201316","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x","volume":"18","author":"S Armijo-Olivo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armijo-Olivo S, Stiles CR, Hagen NA, Biondo PD, Cummings GG (2012) Assessment of study quality for systematic reviews: a comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: methodological research. J Eval Clin Pract 18(1):12\u201318","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"3523_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12708","volume":"8","author":"BC Wallace","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wallace BC, Lajeunesse MJ, Dietz G, Dahabreh IJ, Trikalinos TA, Schmid CH, Gurevitch J (2017) Open MEE: intuitive, open-source software for meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology. Methods Ecol Evol 8(8):941\u2013947","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3523_CR27","unstructured":"JASP Team (2023) JASP (Version 0.17) Computer software.\u00a0https:\/\/jasp-stats.org\/. Accessed 2 Jan 2023"},{"key":"3523_CR28","unstructured":"Lipsey MW, Wilson DB (2001) Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator. David B. Wilson, Ph.D., George Mason University.\u00a0https:\/\/www.campbellcollaboration.org\/escalc\/html\/EffectSizeCalculator-Home.php. Accessed 2 Jan 2023"},{"key":"3523_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic press","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"issue":"7414","key":"3523_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses BMJ (Clinical research ed) 327(7414):557\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","journal-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses BMJ (Clinical research ed)"},{"issue":"07","key":"3523_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1263168","volume":"43","author":"G Rubio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rubio G, L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz F, Ponce G, Pascual JM, Mart\u00ednez-Gras I, Ferre F, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Alamo C (2010) Zonisamide versus diazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Pharmacopsychiatry 43(07):257\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0030-1263168","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3523_CR32","unstructured":"CHOI EA, Ki SW, Kim SE, Kim JW, Park JK (2005) The efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.\u00a0J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 328\u2013333"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06930.x","volume":"58","author":"P Kramp","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kramp P, Rafaelsen OJ (1978) Delirium tremens: a double-blind comparison of diazepam and barbital treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 58(2):174\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06930.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-2-175","volume":"82","author":"WL Thompson","year":"1975","unstructured":"Thompson WL, Johnson AD, Maddrey WL (1975) Diazepam and paraldehyde for treatment of severe delirium tremens: a controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 82(2):175\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-82-2-175","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"3523_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2298\/sarh11s1041d","volume":"139","author":"G \u0110oki\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u0110oki\u0107 G, Lazi\u0107 D, Nenadovi\u0107 M, \u017divkovi\u0107 N, Pavi\u0107evi\u0107 D, Zori\u0107 K, Klidonas N (2011) Lamotrigine augmentation in delirium tremens. Srp Arh Celok Lek 139(suppl. 1):41\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/sarh11s1041d","journal-title":"Srp Arh Celok Lek"},{"key":"3523_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(96)87301-9","volume":"6","author":"\u00d6A Kalyoncu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kalyoncu \u00d6A, Beyazy\u00fcrek M, Kuru L, Solukcu R, Kalyoncu Yazman \u00dc, \u00d6A, Beyazy\u00fcrek M, Kuru L, Solukcu R, Yazman \u00dc, (1996) Double-blind comparative trial with carbamazepine vs diazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Europ Neuropsychopharmacol 6:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0924-977X(96)87301-9","journal-title":"Europ Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/009127006900900109","volume":"9","author":"DM Gallant","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gallant DM, Bishop MP, Guerrero-Figueroa R, Selby M, Phillips R (1969) Doxepin versus diazepam: a controlled evaluation in 100 chronic alcoholic patients. J Clin Pharmacol J New Drugs 9(1):57\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009127006900900109","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol J New Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2015.09.002","volume":"39","author":"K Girish","year":"2016","unstructured":"Girish K, Reddy KV, Pandit LV, Pundarikaksha HP, Vijendra R, Vasundara K, Manjunatha R, Nagraj M, Shruthi RA (2016) A randomized, open-label, standard controlled, parallel-group study of efficacy and safety of baclofen, and chlordiazepoxide in uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Biomed J 39(1):72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2015.09.002","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_40_17","volume":"61","author":"P Gulati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gulati P, Chavan BS, Sidana A (2019) Comparative efficacy of baclofen and lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Indian J Psychiatry 61(1):60\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_40_17","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31815eb12a","volume":"64","author":"JA Weinberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinberg JA, Magnotti LJ, Fischer PE, Edwards NM, Schroeppel T, Fabian TC, Croce MA (2008) Comparison of intravenous ethanol versus diazepam for alcohol withdrawal prophylaxis in the trauma ICU: results of a randomized trial. J Trauma 64(1):99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e31815eb12a","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"3523_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00224-6","volume":"22","author":"MA Gillman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gillman MA, Lichtigfeld FJ (2002) Randomized double-blind trial of psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide compared with diazepam for alcohol withdrawal state. J Subst Abuse Treat 22(3):129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0740-5472(02)00224-6","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"3523_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.03.015","volume":"29","author":"MA Gillman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gillman MA, Lichtigfeld FJ (2004) Enlarged double-blind randomised trial of benzodiazepines against psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide for alcohol withdrawal. Addict Behav 29(6):1183\u20131187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.03.015","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5427","key":"3523_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5427.92","volume":"1","author":"G Sereny","year":"1965","unstructured":"Sereny G, Kalant H (1965) Comparative clinical evaluation of chlordiazepoxide and promazine in treatment of alcohol-withdrawal syndrome. BMJ 1(5427):92. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.1.5427.92","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"3523_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R751","volume":"47","author":"CJ Stock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stock CJ, Carpenter L, Ying J, Greene T (2013) Gabapentin versus chlordiazepoxide for outpatient alcohol detoxification treatment. Ann Pharmacother 47(7\u20138):961\u2013969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1345\/aph.1R751","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"9","key":"3523_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00986.x","volume":"33","author":"H Myrick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Myrick H, Malcolm R, Randall PK, Boyle E, Anton RF, Becker HC, Randall CL (2009) A double-blind trial of gabapentin versus lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33(9):1582\u20131588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00986.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR46","first-page":"80","volume":"3","author":"A Chourishi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chourishi A, Raichandani OP, Chandraker S, Chourishi SA (2010) A comparative study of efficacy and tolerability of lorazepam and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 3(2):80\u201384","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02792.x","volume":"105","author":"G Martinotti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martinotti G, Di Nicola M, Frustaci A, Romanelli R, Tedeschi D, Guglielmo R, Guerriero L, Bruschi A, De Filippis R, Pozzi G, Di Giannantonio M (2010) Pregabalin, tiapride and lorazepam in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a multi-centre, randomized, single-blind comparison trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 105(2):288\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02792.x","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England)"},{"issue":"01","key":"3523_CR48","first-page":"24","volume":"3","author":"R Malcolm","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malcolm R, Myrick LH, Veatch LM, Boyle E, Randall PK (2007) Reported sleep, sleepiness, and repeated alcohol withdrawals: a randomized, double blind, controlled comparison of lorazepam vs gabapentin. J Clin Sleep Med 3(01):24\u201332","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045214","volume":"27","author":"CH Stuppaeck","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stuppaeck CH, Pycha R, Miller C, Whitworth AB, Oberbauer H (1992) Carbamazepine versus oxazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind study. Alcohol Alcohol (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 27(2):153\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045214","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol (Oxford, Oxfordshire)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.5.617","volume":"146","author":"R Malcolm","year":"1989","unstructured":"Malcolm R, Ballenger JC, Sturgis ET (1989) Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 146(5):617\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.146.5.617","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10201.x","volume":"17","author":"R Malcolm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malcolm R, Myrick H, Roberts J, Wang W, Anton RF, Ballenger JC (2002) The effects of carbamazepine and lorazepam on single versus multiple previous alcohol withdrawals in an outpatient randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 17(5):349\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10201.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00344.x","volume":"31","author":"EM Krupitsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krupitsky EM, Rudenko AA, Burakov AM, Slavina TY, Grinenko AA, Pittman B, Gueorguieva R, Petrakis IL, Zvartau EE, Krystal JH (2007) Antiglutamatergic strategies for ethanol detoxification: comparison with placebo and diazepam. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31(4):604\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00344.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"47","key":"3523_CR53","first-page":"2267","volume":"47","author":"RE Gillmer","year":"1973","unstructured":"Gillmer RE (1973) Benzoctamine and oxazepam in the management of alcohol withdrawal states. Comparison by double-blind trial. S Afr Med J 47(47):2267\u20132268","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999409084061","volume":"20","author":"TM Worner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Worner TM (1994) Propranolol versus diazepam in the management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome: double-blind controlled trial. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 20(1):115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00952999409084061","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"11","key":"3523_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1977.38.2096","volume":"38","author":"EM Sellers","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sellers EM, Zilm DH, Degani NC (1977) Comparative efficacy of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal. J Stud Alcohol 38(11):2096\u20132108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsa.1977.38.2096","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3523_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0753-3322(92)90047-B","volume":"46","author":"D Bailly","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bailly D, Servant D, Blandin N, Beuscart R, Parquet PJ (1992) Effects of beta-blocking drugs in alcohol withdrawal: a double-blind comparative study with propranolol and diazepam. Biomed Pharmacother 46(9):419\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0753-3322(92)90047-B","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"3523_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carlsson C, Fasth BG (1976) A comparison of the effects of propranolol and diazepam in alcoholics. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 71(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1976.tb00102.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1976.tb00102.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00053.x","volume":"18","author":"B Adinoff","year":"1994","unstructured":"Adinoff B (1994) Double-blind study of alprazolam, diazepam, clonidine, and placebo in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome: preliminary findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18(4):873\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00053.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198801000-00012","volume":"81","author":"GR Baumgartner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baumgartner GR (1988) Clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in acute alcohol withdrawal: a preliminary report. South Med J 81(1):56\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00007611-198801000-00012","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR60","first-page":"321","volume":"4","author":"U Lepola","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lepola U, Kokko S, Nuutila J, Gordin A (1984) Tiapride and chlordiazepoxide in acute alcohol withdrawal. A controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 4(5):321\u2013326","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"3523_CR61","unstructured":"Palestine ML, Alatorre E (1976) Control of acute alcoholic withdrawal symptoms: a comparative study of haloperidol and chlordiazepoxide. Curr Ther Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"3523_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.718","volume":"20","author":"JD Favre","year":"2005","unstructured":"Favre JD, Allain H, Aubin HJ, Frija-Orvoen E, Gillet C, Lejoyeux M, Payen A, Weber M, Garcia-Acosta S, Kermadi I, Dib M (2005) Double-blind study of cyamemazine and diazepam in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 20(7):511\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.718","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02578.x","volume":"83","author":"P Tubridy","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tubridy P (1988) Alprazolam versus chlormethiazolc in acute alcohol withdrawal. Br J Addict 83(5):581\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb02578.x","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"3523_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000117998","volume":"10","author":"YD Lapierre","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lapierre YD, Bulmer DR, Oyewumi LK, Mauguin ML, Knott VJ (1983) Comparison of chlormethiazole (Heminevrin) and chlordiazepoxide (Librium) in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Neuropsychobiology 10(2\u20133):127\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000117998","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"3523_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1975.tb01340.x","volume":"70","author":"SD McGrath","year":"1975","unstructured":"McGrath SD (1975) A controlled trial of chlormethiazole and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of the acute withdrawal phase of alcoholism. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs 70:81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1975.tb01340.x","journal-title":"Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"3523_CR66","first-page":"263","volume":"20","author":"AK Burroughs","year":"1985","unstructured":"Burroughs AK, Morgan MY, Sherlock S (1985) Double-blind controlled trial of bromocriptine, chlordiazepoxide and chlormethiazole for alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol Alcohol 20(3):263\u2013271","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3523_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04049.x","volume":"23","author":"G Addolorato","year":"1999","unstructured":"Addolorato G, Balducci G, Capristo E, Attilia ML, Taggi F, Gasbarrini G, Ceccanti M (1999) Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized comparative study versus benzodiazepine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23(10):1596\u20131604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04049.x","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3523_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-014-0183-1","volume":"28","author":"F Caputo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caputo F, Skala K, Mirijello A, Ferrulli A, Walter H, Lesch O, Addolorato G (2014) Sodium oxybate in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparative study versus oxazepam. The GATE 1 trial. CNS Drugs 28(8):743\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-014-0183-1","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"3523_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.042","volume":"119","author":"G Addolorato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, Agabio R, Caputo F, Capristo E, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Gasbarrini G (2006) Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a comparative study vs. diazepam. Am J Med 119(3):276\u2013e13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.042","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"3523_CR70","unstructured":"Chourishi A, Jain A, Chourishi S (2010) A comparative study of efficacy of lorazepam and levetiracetam for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Drug Invent Today 2(10)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.10.010","volume":"29","author":"GW Hendey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hendey GW, Dery RA, Barnes RL, Snowden B, Mentler PA (2011) A prospective, randomized, trial of phenobarbital versus benzodiazepines for acute alcohol withdrawal. Am J Emerg Med 29(4):382\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.10.010","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3523_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(89)90004-3","volume":"13","author":"S Radouco-Thomas","year":"1989","unstructured":"Radouco-Thomas S, Garcin F, Guay D, Marquis PA, Chabot F, Huot J, Chawla S, Forest JC, Martin S, Stewart G, Singh P (1989) Double blind study on the efficacy and safety of tetrabamate and chlordiazepoxide in the treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 13(1\u20132):55\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0278-5846(89)90004-3","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050274\/","volume":"131","author":"RF Anton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anton RF, Kranzler HR, McEvoy JP, Moak DH, Bianca RA (1997) A double-blind comparison of abecarnil and diazepam in the treatment of uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 131(2):123\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002130050274\/","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3523_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221225","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045104","volume":"26","author":"R Lechtenberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lechtenberg R, Worner TM (1991) Relative kindling effect of detoxification and non-detoxification admissions in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 26(2):221225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045104","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908783769662","volume":"6","author":"J Nagy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nagy J (2008) Alcohol-related changes in regulation of NMDA receptor functions. Curr Neuropharmacol 6(1):39\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015908783769662","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3523_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","volume":"3","author":"GF Koob","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koob GF, Volkow ND (2016) Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 3(8):760\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.00710.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.007","volume":"90","author":"MA Enoch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Enoch MA (2008) The role of GABAA receptors in the development of alcoholism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 90(1):95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.00710.1016\/j.pbb.2008.03.007","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"3523_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2751","volume":"35","author":"YC Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng YC, Huang YC, Huang WL (2020) Gabapentinoids for treatment of alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 35(6):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.2751","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp"},{"issue":"5","key":"3523_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0003-2409.2001.02399.x","volume":"57","author":"MA Rose","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rose MA, Kam PC (2002) Gabapentin: pharmacology and its use in pain management. Anaesthesia 57(5):451\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0003-2409.2001.02399.x","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"3523_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.01.004","volume":"48","author":"JR Maldonado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maldonado JR, Sher Y, Ashouri JF, Hills-Evans K, Swendsen H, Lolak S, Miller AC (2014) The \u201cPrediction of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scale\u201d (PAWSS): systematic literature review and pilot study of a new scale for the prediction of complicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol\u00a0\u00a0(Fayetteville, N.Y.) 48(4):375\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.01.004","journal-title":"Alcohol\u00a0\u00a0(Fayetteville, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1369.065","volume":"1074","author":"S Abanades","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abanades S, Farr\u00e9 M, Segura M, Pichini S, Barral D, Pacifici R, Pellegrini M, Fonseca F, Langohr K, De La TORRERA (2006) \u03b3-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in humans: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074(1):559\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1369.065","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"3523_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101928","volume":"53","author":"L Stephenson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stephenson L, Kenneally M, van den Heuvel C, Humphries M, Stockham P, Byard RW (2021) Recent trends in barbiturate detection in medicolegal deaths. Legal Med 53:101928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2021.101928","journal-title":"Legal Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3523_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/s0210-5705(02)70321-x","volume":"25","author":"E Lopez-Torres","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lopez-Torres E, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Fern\u00e1ndez MC, Pel\u00e1ez G, Pizarro A (2002) Tetrabamate-induced hepatotoxicity. Report of seven cases and literature review. Gastroenterologia y Hepatolog\u00eda 25(10):589\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0210-5705(02)70321-x","journal-title":"Gastroenterologia y Hepatolog\u00eda"},{"issue":"1","key":"3523_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.21.040181.000503","volume":"21","author":"IK Ho","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ho IK, Harris RA (1981) Mechanism of action of barbiturates. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 21(1):83\u2013111","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"3523_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benitez JG, Allison LG, Ternullo S (2007) Sedative-hypnotics. In Haddad and Winchester\u2019s clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders,\u00a0pp 659\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7216-0693-4.50039-6","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-0693-4.50039-6"},{"key":"3523_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00985-6","volume":"43","author":"S H\u00e4gg","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00e4gg S, J\u00f6nsson AK, Ahlner J (2020) Current evidence on abuse and misuse of gabapentinoids. Drug Saf 43:1235\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40264-020-00985-6","journal-title":"Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-023-03523-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00228-023-03523-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-023-03523-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T03:14:34Z","timestamp":1692155674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00228-023-03523-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-023-03523-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6970","1432-1041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6970","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors reviewed anonymized data from published literature. Therefore, no informed consent or ethical approval was required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}