{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T01:41:19Z","timestamp":1790991679607,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Startup Foundation for Doctors of North Sichuan Medical College to Xue Mei","award":["CBY23-QDA11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBY23-QDA11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-025-03931-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T09:22:17Z","timestamp":1766395337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Itraconazole-associated adverse events in fungal infections: a study of a large real-world sample based on the FAERS database (2019\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Tianqin","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"3931_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.46","volume":"16","author":"JR Perfect","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perfect JR (2017) The antifungal pipeline: a reality check. Nat Rev Drug Discov 16(9):603\u2013616","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"9","key":"3931_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00973-15","volume":"59","author":"AY Abuhelwa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abuhelwa AY et al (2015) Population Pharmacokinetic modeling of Itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole for oral SUBA-itraconazole and Sporanox capsule formulations in healthy subjects in fed and fasted States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59(9):5681\u20135696","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"3931_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.382","volume":"11","author":"TC White","year":"1998","unstructured":"White TC, Marr KA, Bowden RA (1998) Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 11(2):382\u2013402","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"3931_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255918","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1255918","volume":"15","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J et al (2024) Evaluating cardiac disorders associated with Triazole antifungal agents based on the US food and drug administration adverse event reporting system database. Front Pharmacol 15:1255918","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3931_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.4.707","volume":"35","author":"PK Sharkey","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sharkey PK et al (1991) High-dose Itraconazole in the treatment of severe mycoses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35(4):707\u2013713","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"3931_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166821","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01668-21","volume":"66","author":"HH Ji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ji HH et al (2022) Antifungal therapy with Azoles induced the syndrome of acquired apparent mineralocorticoid excess: a literature and database analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 66(1):e0166821","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"3931_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1042-z","volume":"45","author":"R Bellmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bellmann R, Smuszkiewicz P (2017) Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients. Infection 45(6):737\u2013779","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"2","key":"3931_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae437","volume":"80","author":"MR Osborn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Osborn MR et al (2025) Side effects associated with Itraconazole therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 80(2):503\u2013508","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"3931_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396378","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1396378","volume":"15","author":"Y Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng Y et al (2024) Signal mining of adverse events of proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma based on FAERS. Front Pharmacol 15:1396378","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3931_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang B et al (2024) Signal mining and gender differences analysis of adverse events in NMIBC treatment with gemcitabine and BCG bladder instillation based on the FAERS database. Expert Opin Drug Saf 24(10):1241\u20131248","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2388212"},{"issue":"4","key":"3931_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2023.2130888","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao Y et al (2023) Evaluation of adverse events of bamlanivimab, bamlanivimab\/etesevimab used for COVID-19 based on FAERS database. Expert Opin Drug Saf 22(4):331\u2013338","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"3931_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1001","volume":"13","author":"KJ Rothman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Lanes S, Sacks ST (2004) The reporting odds ratio and its advantages over the proportional reporting ratio. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 13(8):519\u2013523","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"3931_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.677","volume":"10","author":"SJ Evans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Evans SJ, Waller PC, Davis S (2001) Use of proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) for signal generation from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 10(6):483\u2013486","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"3931_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050466","volume":"54","author":"A Bate","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bate A et al (1998) A bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 54(4):315\u2013321","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3931_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1999.10474456","volume":"53","author":"DuMouchel","year":"1999","unstructured":"DuMouchel, William (1999) Bayesian data mining in large frequency tables. Am Stat 53(3):177","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"3931_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204209862211432","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986221143266","volume":"13","author":"S Chai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chai S et al (2022) Safety of Triazole antifungals: a pharmacovigilance study from 2004 to 2021 based on FAERS. Ther Adv Drug Saf 13:20420986221143266","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"3931_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231320","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1231320","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L et al (2023) Risk factors for drug-related acute pancreatitis: an analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS). Front Pharmacol 14:1231320","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3931_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425617","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1425617","volume":"15","author":"K Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao K et al (2024) Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates in oncology: a pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS). Front Pharmacol 15:1425617","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9237","key":"3931_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02799-9","volume":"356","author":"IR Edwards","year":"2000","unstructured":"Edwards IR, Aronson JK (2000) Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 356(9237):1255\u20131259","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3931_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23834-1","volume":"12","author":"Y Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin Y et al (2022) A real-world pharmacovigilance study of FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) events for osimertinib. Sci Rep 12(1):19555","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3931_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448144","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1448144","volume":"15","author":"Y Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan Y et al (2024) Adverse event profile of albumin-bound paclitaxel: a real-world pharmacovigilance analysis. Front Pharmacol 15:1448144","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3931_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-024-01058-9","volume":"19","author":"S Cecco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cecco S et al (2024) Emerging toxicities of Antibody-Drug conjugates for breast cancer: clinical prioritization of adverse events from the FDA adverse event reporting system. Target Oncol 19(3):435\u2013445","journal-title":"Target Oncol"},{"issue":"9270","key":"3931_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04891-1","volume":"357","author":"SR Ahmad","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahmad SR, Singer SJ, Leissa BG (2001) Congestive heart failure associated with Itraconazole. Lancet 357(9270):1766\u20131767","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"3931_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.587210","volume":"50","author":"KH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim KH et al (2012) Voriconazole-associated severe hyponatremia. Med Mycol 50(1):103\u2013105","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3931_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1177\/10781552221087902","volume":"28","author":"CW Freyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freyer CW, Loren AW (2022) Fluconazole-Induced adrenal insufficiency following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. J Oncol Pharm Pract 28(8):1922\u20131925","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"3931_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168","volume":"524","author":"KR Beck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beck KR, Odermatt A (2021) Antifungal therapy with Azoles and the syndrome of acquired mineralocorticoid excess. Mol Cell Endocrinol 524:111168","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"33","key":"3931_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29086","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.253245","volume":"286","author":"R Keber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keber R et al (2011) Mouse knockout of the cholesterogenic cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (Cyp51) resembles Antley-Bixler syndrome. J Biol Chem 286(33):29086\u201329097","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"3931_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2012.10.007","volume":"12","author":"FJ Gilchrist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilchrist FJ et al (2013) Itraconazole and inhaled fluticasone causing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 12(4):399\u2013402","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"3931_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tetti M et al (2018) Liddle syndrome: review of the literature and description of a new case. Int J Mol Sci 19(3):812","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030812"},{"issue":"4","key":"3931_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12617","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12617","volume":"31","author":"CL Ross","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ross CL et al (2018) Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis due to terbinafine. Dermatol Ther 31(4):e12617","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3931_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14836","volume":"65","author":"R Bhardwaj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhardwaj R et al (2025) Characterization of Rimegepant drug-drug interactions using the cytochrome P450 probe drugs, itraconazole, rifampin, fluconazole, and Midazolam. Headache 65(2):291\u2013302","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"3931_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacabelos R et al (2021) Genophenotypic factors and pharmacogenomics in adverse drug reactions. Int J Mol Sci 22(24):13302","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413302"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-025-03931-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00228-025-03931-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-025-03931-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T13:39:00Z","timestamp":1771508340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00228-025-03931-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3931"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-025-03931-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6970","1432-1041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6970","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}