{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:13:35Z","timestamp":1789456415264,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Clin Pharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-026-04176-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:56:21Z","timestamp":1789088181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-world pharmacogenomics-guided antihypertensive treatment response in clinical practice underrepresented population: implications for precision prescribing and medication safety"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2831-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawal","family":"Alsubaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0786-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ilyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7346-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zafar Ali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7174-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammena Y.","family":"Binsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5358-0305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amani S.","family":"Alrossies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad A","family":"Almazyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4176_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60646-7","volume":"381","author":"TH Jafar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jafar TH, Haaland BA, Rahman A et al (2013) Non-communicable diseases and injuries in Pakistan: strategic priorities. Lancet 381:2281\u20132290","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4176_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00469-9","volume":"387","author":"R Khatib","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khatib R, McKee M, Shannon H et al (2016) Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet 387:61\u201369","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4176_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X502182","volume":"60","author":"F Saleem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saleem F, Hassali AA, Shafie AA (2010) Hypertension in Pakistan: time to take some serious action. Br J Gen Pract 60:449\u2013450","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"4176_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.007252","volume":"65","author":"JA Johnson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnson JA, Cavallari LH (2013) Pharmacogenetics and cardiovascular disease-implications for personalized medicine. Pharmacol Rev 65:987\u20131009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"4176_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.234","volume":"95","author":"RM Turner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turner RM, Pirmohamed M (2014) Cardiovascular pharmacogenomics: expectations and practical benefits. Clin Pharmacol Ther 95:281\u2013293","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4176_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.176","volume":"12","author":"RM Cooper-DeHoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper-DeHoff RM, Johnson JA (2016) Hypertension pharmacogenomics: in search of personalized treatment approaches. Nat Rev Nephrol 12:110\u2013122","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"4176_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04063.x","volume":"8","author":"P Fontana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fontana P, Berdagu\u00e9 P, Castelli C et al (2010) Clinical predictors of dual aspirin and clopidogrel poor responsiveness in stable cardiovascular patients from the ADRIE study. J Thromb Haemost 8:2614\u20132623","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"4176_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00191","volume":"3","author":"G Suarez-Kurtz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suarez-Kurtz G, Pena SD, Struchiner CJ, Hutz MH (2012) Pharmacogenomic diversity among Brazilians: influence of ancestry, self-reported color, and geographical origin. Front Pharmacol 3:191","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4176_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.3210","author":"JT Non","year":"2024","unstructured":"Non JT, GenHAT investigators (2024) Utility of a systolic blood pressure polygenic risk score with chlorthalidone response. JAMA Cardiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamacardio.2024.3210","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"4176_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13893","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13893","volume":"17","author":"PE Empey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Empey PE, Pratt VM, Hoffman JM et al (2024) Pharmacogenomics polygenic risk score: ready or not for prime time? Clin Transl Sci 17:e13893","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"4176_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/14622416.2026.2686336","volume":"27","author":"NR Ramayanam","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ramayanam NR, Bukke SP, Thalluri C, Moka MK, Nettekallu Y, Chettupalli AK, Gupta N, Janapati YK (2026) Combinations of single gene predictors with AI-driven polygenic precision therapies in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacogenomics 27(5\u20136):279\u2013286","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4176_CR12","first-page":"023","volume":"13","author":"NR Ramayanam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramayanam NR, Amarnath RN, Ramasamy MK, Vijayakumar TM (2023) Emerging corticosteroid resistance: need for customized medication based on pharmacogenomics profiling. J Appl Pharm Sci 13(5):023\u201332","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4176_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2008.89","volume":"84","author":"DM Roden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roden DM, Pulley JM, Basford MA et al (2008) Development of a large-scale de-identified DNA biobank to enable personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 84:362\u2013369","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4176_CR14","first-page":"1078","volume":"106","author":"AP Bress","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bress AP, Cavallari LH, Nutescu EA et al (2019) Cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation: results from the GenWaTH trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 106:1078\u20131085","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4176_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.846","volume":"17","author":"A Saeed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saeed A, Kampangkaew J, Nambi V (2021) Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 17:15\u201323","journal-title":"Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"4176_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735170","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1735170","volume":"13","author":"AS Alrossies","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alrossies AS, Alsubaie N, Shah ZA, Ilyas M, Habib I, Saddique G et al (2026) Socio-behavioral determinants of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional analysis. Front Public Health 13:1735170","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"4176_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2308-7","volume":"581","author":"KJ Karczewski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karczewski KJ, Francioli LC, Tiao G et al (2020) The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. Nature 581:434\u2013443","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4176_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8","volume":"387","author":"D Ettehad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A et al (2016) Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 387:957\u2013967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4176_CR19","first-page":"e1340","volume":"6","author":"R Khatib","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khatib R, Marshall K, Silcock J et al (2018) Availability and affordability of blood pressure-lowering medicines and the effect on blood pressure control in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the PURE study data. Lancet Glob Health 6:e1340\u2013e1351","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4176_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","volume":"39","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W et al (2018) 2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 39:3021\u20133104","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4176_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0117-3","volume":"33","author":"R Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta R, Gaur K, Ram CVS (2019) Emerging trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. J Hum Hypertens 33:575\u2013587","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"4176_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-8-200410190-00009","volume":"141","author":"LM Brewster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brewster LM, van Montfrans GA, Kleijnen J (2004) Systematic review: antihypertensive drug therapy in black patients. Ann Intern Med 141:614\u2013627","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"4176_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.040","volume":"133","author":"VE Ortega","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ortega VE, Meyers DA (2014) Pharmacogenetics: implications of race and ethnicity in defining genetic profiles for personalized medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133:16\u201326","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"4176_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31276-0","volume":"394","author":"DM Roden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roden DM, McLeod HL, Relling MV et al (2019) Pharmacogenomics Lancet 394:521\u2013532","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics Lancet"},{"key":"4176_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.34","volume":"89","author":"JJ Swen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swen JJ, Nijenhuis M, de Boer A et al (2011) Pharmacogenetics: from bench to byte-an update of guidelines. Clin Pharmacol Ther 89:662\u2013673","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4176_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.113","volume":"98","author":"KA Birdwell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Birdwell KA, Decker B, Barbarino JM et al (2015) Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP3A5 genotype and tacrolimus dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 98:19\u201324","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"4176_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"JA Luzum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luzum JA, Cheema AF, Samara MA (2019) Hypertension pharmacogenomics in practice. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 26:1\u20138","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"4176_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.08.006","volume":"16","author":"M Pirmohamed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pirmohamed M (2011) Pharmacogenetics: past, present and future. Drug Discov Today 16:852\u2013861","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-026-04176-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00228-026-04176-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00228-026-04176-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:47:31Z","timestamp":1789454851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00228-026-04176-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-026-04176-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6970","1432-1041"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6970","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1041","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Institutional Ethics Review Board of Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, approved this study (Approval No: KTH-ERB-2023-045, January 2023), with a waiver of individual informed consent for retrospective analysis, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"251"}}