{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:33:21Z","timestamp":1793410401939,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroradiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02667-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:15:56Z","timestamp":1613088956000},"page":"653-661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in a COVID-19 patient\u2014a case report with literature review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Baskaran","family":"Varadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinaya","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akila","family":"Rajakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubha","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. C.","family":"Sathya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahman","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Kalyanasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00899","volume":"11","author":"P Grzonka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grzonka P, Scholz MC, De Marchis GM, Tisljar K, R\u00fcegg S, Marsch S et al (2020) Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: a case and systematic review of the literature. Front Neurol 11:899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00899","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512445944","volume":"19","author":"M Absoud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Absoud M, Lim M, Chong WK, De Goede CG, Foster K, Gunny R et al (2013) Paediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes: incidence, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features. Mult Scler 19(1):76\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458512445944","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"2667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.044","volume":"206","author":"P Bhatt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhatt P, Bray L, Raju S, Dapaah-Siakwan F, Patel A, Chaudhari R et al (2019) Temporal trends of pediatric hospitalizations with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the United States: An Analysis from 2006 to 2014 using National Inpatient Sample. J Pediatr 206:26\u201332.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.044","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117001","volume":"416","author":"S Abdi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdi S, Ghorbani A, Fatehi F (2020) The association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis without prominent clinical pulmonary symptoms. J Neurol Sci 416:117001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117001","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117035","volume":"416","author":"MH Yong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yong MH, Chan YFZ, Liu J, Sanamandra SK, Kheok SW, Lim KC, Sewa DW (2020) A Rare Case of Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis in a COVID-19 Patient. J Neurol Sci 416:117035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117035","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalil A, Baker C, Johnston R, Just C, Debicki D, Mayich et al (2020) Acute hemorrhagic encephalitis related to COVID-19. Neurol Clin Pract:10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000900","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000900"},{"issue":"11","key":"2667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04703-z","volume":"41","author":"R Handa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Handa R, Nanda S, Prasad A, Anand R, Zutshi D, Dass SK, Bedi PK, Pahuja A, Shah PK, Sharma B (2020) Covid-19-associated acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalomyelitis. Neurol Sci 41(11):3023\u20133026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-020-04703-z","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa375","volume":"143","author":"T Karapanayiotides","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karapanayiotides T, Geka E, Prassopoulos P, Koutroulou I, Kollaras P, Kiourtzieva E et al (2020) Concentric demyelination pattern in COVID-19-associated acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: a lurking catastrophe? Brain 143(12):e100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa375","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14491","volume":"28","author":"P Perrin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perrin P, Collongues N, Baloglu S, Bedo D, Bassand X, Lavaux T, Gautier-Vargas G, Keller N, Kremer S, Fafi-Kremer S, Moulin B, Benotmane I, Caillard S (2021) Cytokine release syndrome-associated encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19. Eur J Neurol 28(1):248\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14491","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e925641","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.925641","volume":"21","author":"R Ghosh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghosh R, Dubey S, Finsterer J, Chatterjee S, Ray BK (2020) SARS-CoV-2-associated acute hemorrhagic, necrotizing encephalitis (ahne) presenting with cognitive impairment in a 44-year-old woman without comorbidities: a case report. Am J Case Rep 21:e925641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/AJCR.925641","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"2667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haqiqi A, Samuels TL, Lamb FJ, Moharrum T, Myers AE (2021) Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Hurst Disease) in severe COVID-19 infection. Brain Behav Immun Health, 100208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100208"},{"key":"2667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.013","volume":"100","author":"M Waak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waak M, Malone S, Sinclair K, Phillips G, Bandodkar S, Wienholt L, Robertson T, Whitehead B, Trnka P, Kothur K, Dale RC (2019) Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy: pathological features and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles. Pediatr Neurol 100:92\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.06.013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6651","volume":"41","author":"R Hanafi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanafi R, Roger PA, Perin B, Kuchcinski G, Deleval N, Dallery F, Michel D, Hacein-Bey L, Pruvo JP, Outteryck O, Constans JM (2020) COVID-19 Neurologic Complication with CNS Vasculitis-Like Pattern. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41(8):1384\u20131387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6651","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c6be92","volume":"31","author":"MA Lann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lann MA, Lovell MA, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (2010) Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: a critical entity for forensic pathologists to recognize. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 31(1):7\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3181c6be92","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"10241","key":"2667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31282-4","volume":"395","author":"CH von Weyhern","year":"2020","unstructured":"von Weyhern CH, Kaufmann I, Neff F, Kremer M (2020) Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes. Lancet. 395(10241):e109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31282-4","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02166-2","volume":"140","author":"RR Reichard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reichard RR, Kashani KB, Boire NA, Constantopoulos E, Guo Y, Lucchinetti CF (2020) Neuropathology of COVID-19: a spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathol 140(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-020-02166-2","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Sarraj S, Troakes C, Hanley B, Osborn M, Richardson MP, Hotopf M et al (2020) Invited review: the spectrum of neuropathology in COVID-19. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nan.12667","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12667"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202222","volume":"297","author":"S Kremer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kremer S, Lersy F, de S\u00e8ze J, Ferr\u00e9 JC, Maamar A, Carsin-Nicol B, Collange O, Bonneville F, Adam G, Martin-Blondel G, Rafiq M, Geeraerts T, Delamarre L, Grand S, Krainik A, For the SFNR-COVID Group, Kremer S, Adam G, Alleg M, Anheim M, Anxionnat R, Ardellier FD, Baloglu S, Bapst B, Benzakoun J, Berge J, Bolognini F, Bonneville F, Bornet G, Boulay C, Boulouis G, Boutet C, Brisset JC, Caillard S, Carr\u00e9 S, Carsin-Nicol B, Collange O, Comby PO, Constans JM, David JS, de Beaurepaire I, de S\u00e8ze J, Delamarre L, Desal H, Edjlali-Goujon M, Fabre X, Fafi-Kremer S, Ferr\u00e9 JC, Feuerstein P, Henry Feugeas MC, Forestier G, Gaudemer A, Geeraerts T, Grand S, Hansmann Y, Heintz A, Helms J, Hemmert C, Hmeydia G, Jager L, Kaz\u00e9mi A, Kerleroux B, Khalil A, Krainik A, Lacalm A, Lecler A, Lecocq C, Lef\u00e8bvre N, Lersy F, Maamar A, Martin-Blondel G, Matthieu M, Megdiche I, Mertes PM, Messi\u00e9 J, Metanbou S, Meyer N, Meziani F, Mutschler V, Nesser P, Oesterl\u00e9 H, Ohana M, Oppenheim C, Pyatigorskaya N, Rafiq M, Ricolfi F, Saleme S, Schenck M, Schmitt E, Schneider F, Sebag N, Talla Mba Y, Thouant P, Willaume T, Zhu F, Zorn PE, Cotton F (2020) Brain MRI findings in severe COVID-19: a retrospective observational study. Radiology 297(2):E242\u2013E251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020202222","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030940","volume":"51","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Jain R, Dogra S, Krieger P, Lewis A, Nguyen V, Melmed K, Galetta S (2020) Cerebral microbleeds and leukoencephalopathy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Stroke 51(9):2649\u20132655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030940","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"2667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e789","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000789","volume":"7","author":"L Dixon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dixon L, Varley J, Gontsarova A, Mallon D, Tona F, Muir D et al (2020) COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7(5):e789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000789","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"2667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","volume":"143","author":"RW Paterson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L, Nortley R, Wiethoff S, Bharucha T et al (2020) The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Brain 143(10):3104\u20133120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10258.3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102583","volume":"46","author":"RD Arenas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arenas RD, Hernandez ES (2020) Pseudotumoral lesion as a manifestation of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Weston-Hurst syndrome). Mult Scler Relat Disord 46:10258.3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102583","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9293-x","volume":"12","author":"NE Abou Zeid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abou Zeid NE, Burns JD, Wijdicks EF, Giannini C, Keegan BM (2010) Atypical acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (Hurst\u2019s disease) presenting with focal hemorrhagic brainstem lesion. Neurocrit Care 12(1):95\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-009-9293-x","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020202040","volume":"297","author":"A Radmanesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radmanesh A, Derman A, Lui YW, Raz E, Loh JP, Hagiwara M, Borja MJ, Zan E, Fatterpekar GM (2020) COVID-19-associated diffuse leukoencephalopathy and microhemorrhages. Radiology 297(1):E223\u2013E227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020202040","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000048493.82053.4c","volume":"60","author":"S Kuperan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kuperan S, Ostrow P, Landi MK, Bakshi R (2003) Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis vs ADEM: FLAIR MRI and neuropathology findings. Neurology 60(4):721\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000048493.82053.4c","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","volume":"296","author":"N Poyiadji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features. Radiology 296(2):E119\u2013E120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000945","volume":"10","author":"A-C Morvan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morvan A-C, Kerambrun H (2020) Fatal necrotizing encephalitis associated with COVID-19: a case report. Neurol Clin Pract 10:1212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000945","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"2667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010250","volume":"95","author":"J Virhammar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virhammar J, Kumlien E, F\u00e4llmar D, Frithiof R, Jackmann S, Sk\u00f6ld MK, Kadir M, Frick J, Lindeberg J, Olivero-Reinius H, Ryttlefors M, Cunningham JL, Wikstr\u00f6m J, Grabowska A, Bondeson K, Bergquist J, Zetterberg H, Rostami E (2020) Acute necrotizing encephalopathy with SARS-CoV-2 RNA confirmed in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurology 95(10):445\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010250","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6644","volume":"41","author":"DD Cavalcanti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cavalcanti DD, Raz E, Shapiro M, Dehkharghani S, Yaghi S, Lillemoe K et al (2020) Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 41(8):1370\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6644","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117019","volume":"416","author":"SC Parauda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parauda SC, Gao V, Gewirtz AN, Parikh NS, Merkler AE, Lantos J et al (2020) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patients with COVID-19. J Neurol Sci 416:117019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20180093","volume":"76","author":"M Rosa J\u00fanior","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosa J\u00fanior M, Borges \u00c9I, Fonseca APA, Fiorot JL, Balarini L, Valim V (2018) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome during treatment with tocilizumab in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 76(10):720\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282X20180093","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"2667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10001-7","volume":"267","author":"L Princiotta Cariddi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Princiotta Cariddi L, Tabaee Damavandi P, Carimati F, Banfi P, Clemenzi A, Marelli M, Giorgianni A, Vinacci G, Mauri M, Versino M (2020) Reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a COVID-19 patient. J Neurol 267(11):3157\u20133160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10001-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neuroradiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00234-021-02667-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00234-021-02667-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00234-021-02667-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T21:38:15Z","timestamp":1619300295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00234-021-02667-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-021-02667-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3940","1432-1920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3940","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest\/competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"We have obtained the patient\u2019s informed consent and permission for the publishing of his information.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}