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With foetal surgery as a new treatment option, robust intracranial imaging is important for comprehensive preoperative evaluation and prognostication. We aimed to determine the incidence of infratentorial and supratentorial findings detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone and MRI compared to ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two systematic reviews comparing MRI to ultrasound and MRI alone were conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases identifying studies of foetal OSB from 2000 to 2020. Intracranial imaging findings were analysed at\u2009\u2264\u200926 or\u2009&gt;\u200926\u00a0weeks gestation and neonates (\u2264\u200928\u00a0days). Data was independently extracted by two reviewers and meta-analysis was performed where possible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-six studies reported brain abnormalities detected by MRI alone in patients who previously had an ultrasound. Callosal dysgenesis was identified in 4\/29 cases (2 foetuses\u2009\u2264\u200926\u00a0weeks, 1 foetus under any gestation, and 1 neonate\u2009\u2264\u200928\u00a0days) (15.1%, CI:5.7\u201334.3%). Heterotopia was identified in 7\/40 foetuses\u2009\u2264\u200926\u00a0weeks (19.8%, CI:7.7\u201342.2%), 9\/36 foetuses\u2009&gt;\u200926\u00a0weeks (25.3%, CI:13.7\u201341.9%), and 64\/250 neonates\u2009\u2264\u200928\u00a0days (26.9%, CI:15.3\u201342.8%). Additional abnormalities included aberrant cortical folding and other Chiari II malformation findings such as lower cervicomedullary kink level, tectal beaking, and hypoplastic tentorium. Eight studies compared MRI directly to ultrasound, but due to reporting inconsistencies, it was not possible to meta-analyse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI is able to detect anomalies hitherto underestimated in foetal OSB which may be important for case selection. In view of increasing prenatal OSB surgery, further studies are required to assess developmental consequences of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02853-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T09:02:48Z","timestamp":1637226168000},"page":"233-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["What brain abnormalities can magnetic resonance imaging detect in foetal and early neonatal spina bifida: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9839-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Mufti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalina","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Aertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Ushakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ourselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Deprest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Melbourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014379","volume":"364","author":"N Scott Adzick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scott Adzick N, Thom EA, Spong CY, Brock JW, Burrows PK, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, Farrell JA, Dabrowiak ME, Sutton LN, Gupta N, Tulipan NB, D\u2019Alton ME, Farmer DL (2011) A randomised trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. 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Therefore, ethics approval was not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Consent to participate and written informed consent was not required for this work because the article type is a systematic review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication and additional informed consent was not required for this work because the article type is a systematic review.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All data and material of this work are available on request from the authors.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}},{"value":"Code availability is not required. A code was not used for this work because the article type is a systematic review.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"Nada Mufti: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing\u2014original draft, visualisation, writing\u2014review and editing. Adalina Sacco: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing\u2014review and editing. Michael Aertsen: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing. Fred Ushakov: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing. Dominic Thomson: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing. Anna L. David: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Jan Deprest: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Andrew Melbourne: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing, visualisation, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Sebastian Ourselin: supervision, project administration, funding acquisition.","order":8,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"CRediT authorship contribution statement"}}]}}