{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:42:50Z","timestamp":1776753770238,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuroradiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-025-03854-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T06:29:22Z","timestamp":1764311362000},"page":"735-743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A nomogram for predicting malignant middle cerebral artery infarction after thrombectomy in large core infarction\u200b"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Minqiang","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangdong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuezhou","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411587","volume":"372","author":"OA Berkhemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D et al (2015) A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372(1):11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1411587","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3854_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414792","volume":"372","author":"BCV Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ et al (2015) Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med 372(11):1009\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1414792","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"3854_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414905","volume":"372","author":"M Goyal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK et al (2015) Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372(11):1019\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1414905","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"3854_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1415061","volume":"372","author":"JL Saver","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A et al (2015) Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 372(24):2285\u20132295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejmoa1415061","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"3854_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503780","volume":"372","author":"TG Jovin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E et al (2015) Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372(24):2296\u20132306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1503780","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3854_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.10.6.743","volume":"10","author":"OB White","year":"1979","unstructured":"White OB, Norris JW, Hachinski VC, Lewis A (1979) Death in early stroke, causes and mechanisms. Stroke 10(6):743\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.10.6.743","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000441965.15164.d6","volume":"45","author":"EFM Wijdicks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wijdicks EFM, Sheth KN, Carter BS et al (2014) Recommendations for the management of cerebral and cerebellar infarction with swelling: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke 45(4):1222\u20131238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.0000441965.15164.d6","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"3854_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09013-w","volume":"33","author":"X Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu X, Zhang G, Jia Z et al (2022) Predictors of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction after endovascular thrombecfunctional independencetomy: results of DIRECT-MT trial. Eur Radiol 33(1):135\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-022-09013-w","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"3854_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118191","volume":"386","author":"S Yoshimura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshimura S, Sakai N, Yamagami H et al (2022) Endovascular therapy for acute stroke with a large ischemic region. N Engl J Med 386(14):1303\u20131313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2118191","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10414","key":"3854_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02032-9","volume":"402","author":"M Bendszus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bendszus M, Fiehler J, Subtil F et al (2023) Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke with established large infarct: multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet 402(10414):1753\u20131763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02032-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"3854_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.13933","volume":"332","author":"R White","year":"2024","unstructured":"The Writing Committee for the TESLA Investigators, White R, Gembreska K et al (2024) Thrombectomy for stroke with large infarct on noncontrast CT: the TESLA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 332(16):1355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.13933","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"14","key":"3854_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213379","volume":"388","author":"X Huo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huo X, Ma G, Tong X et al (2023) Trial of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke with large infarct. N Engl J Med 388(14):1272\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2213379","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"3854_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214403","volume":"388","author":"A Sarraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarraj A, Hassan AE, Abraham MG et al (2023) Trial of endovascular thrombectomy for large ischemic strokes. N Engl J Med 388(14):1259\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2214403","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"3854_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314063","volume":"390","author":"V Costalat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costalat V, Jovin TG, Albucher JF et al (2024) Trial of thrombectomy for stroke with a large infarct of unrestricted size. N Engl J Med 390(18):1677\u20131689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2314063","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/SVIN.123.001243","volume":"4","author":"M AlMajali","year":"2024","unstructured":"AlMajali M, Dibas M, Ghannam M et al (2024) Does the ischemic core really matter? An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of large core trials after TESLA, TENSION, and LASTE. Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology 4(4):e001243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/SVIN.123.001243","journal-title":"Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3854_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A155","DOI":"10.1161\/str.55.suppl_1.155","volume":"55","author":"SE Kasner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kasner SE, DeGeorgia M, Burkhardt JK et al (2024) Abstract 155: critical care decisions after large core cerebral infarctions: a secondary analysis from the SELECT2 trial. Stroke 55(1):A155\u2013A155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/str.55.suppl_1.155","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"3854_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.9.2175","volume":"31","author":"C Oppenheim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oppenheim C, Samson Y, Mana\u00ef R et al (2000) Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke 31(9):2175\u20132181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.31.9.2175","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"3854_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016733","volume":"48","author":"CJ Ong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ong CJ, Gluckstein J, Laurido-Soto O, Yan Y, Dhar R, Lee JM (2017) Enhanced detection of edema in malignant anterior circulation stroke (EDEMA) score: a risk prediction tool. Stroke 48(7):1969\u20131972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016733","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"3854_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171425","volume":"12","author":"K Jo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jo K, Bajgur SS, Kim H, Choi HA, Huh PW, Lee K (2017) A simple prediction score system for malignant brain edema progression in large hemispheric infarction. PLoS One 12(2):e0171425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0171425","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3854_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.12.024","volume":"338","author":"T Shimoyama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shimoyama T, Kimura K, Uemura J et al (2014) The DASH score: a simple score to assess risk for development of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol Sci 338(1\u20132):102\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2013.12.024","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001119","volume":"3","author":"J Chung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chung J, Park SH, Kim N et al (2014) Trial of ORG 10172 in acute stroke treatment (TOAST) classification and vascular territory of ischemic stroke lesions diagnosed by diffusion-weighted imaging. J Am Heart Assoc 3(4):e001119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.114.001119","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3854_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1408","volume":"30","author":"IYL Tan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tan IYL, Demchuk AM, Hopyan J et al (2009) CT angiography clot burden score and collateral score: correlation with clinical and radiologic outcomes in acute middle cerebral artery infarct. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(3):525\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A1408","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3854_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028891","volume":"51","author":"NE LeCouffe","year":"2020","unstructured":"LeCouffe NE, Kappelhof M, Treurniet KM et al (2020) 2B, 2C, or 3: What Should Be the Angiographic Target for Endovascular Treatment in Ischemic Stroke? Stroke 51(6):1790\u20131796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028891","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"3854_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.020315","volume":"49","author":"OO Zaidat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zaidat OO, Castonguay AC, Linfante I et al (2018) First pass effect: a new measure for stroke thrombectomy devices. Stroke 49(3):660\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.020315","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"3854_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz057","volume":"142","author":"G Broocks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broocks G, Hanning U, Flottmann F et al (2019) Clinical benefit of thrombectomy in stroke patients with low ASPECTS is mediated by oedema reduction. Brain 142(5):1399\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awz057","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"3854_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211006290","volume":"17","author":"MLE Bernsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernsen MLE, Kauw F, Martens JM et al (2022) Malignant infarction after endovascular treatment: incidence and prediction. Int J Stroke 17(2):198\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930211006290","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"3854_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.059","volume":"31","author":"TG Phan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Phan TG, Donnan GA, Koga M et al (2006) The ASPECTS template is weighted in favor of the striatocapsular region. Neuroimage 31(2):477\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.12.059","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"3854_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.045091","volume":"55","author":"Y Sui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sui Y, Chen W, Chen C et al (2024) CTP-defined large core is a better predictor of poor outcome for endovascular treatment than ASPECTS-defined large core. Stroke 55(5):1227\u20131234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.045091","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"3854_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01935-6","volume":"20","author":"W Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun W, Li G, Song Y et al (2020) A web based dynamic MANA nomogram for predicting the malignant cerebral edema in patients with large hemispheric infarction. BMC Neurol 20(1):360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-020-01935-6","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12007","volume":"10","author":"HTH Tu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tu HTH, Campbell BCV, Christensen S et al (2015) Worse stroke outcome in atrial fibrillation is explained by more severe hypoperfusion, infarct growth, and hemorrhagic transformation. Int J Stroke 10(4):534\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijs.12007","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"3854_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-013224","volume":"10","author":"A Davoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davoli A, Motta C, Koch G et al (2018) Pretreatment predictors of malignant evolution in patients with ischemic stroke undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. J Neurointerv Surg 10(4):340\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2017-013224","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3854_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017080","volume":"48","author":"JP Desilles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Desilles JP, Syvannarath V, Ollivier V et al (2017) Exacerbation of thromboinflammation by hyperglycemia precipitates cerebral infarct growth and hemorrhagic transformation. Stroke 48(7):1932\u20131940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017080","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"3854_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.112","volume":"12","author":"L Gisselsson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gisselsson L, Smith ML, Siesj\u00f6 BK (1992) Influence of preischemic hyperglycemia on osmolality and early postischemic edema in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12(5):809\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.112","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"3854_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000195175.29487.30","volume":"37","author":"R Garg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garg R, Chaudhuri A, Munschauer F, Dandona P (2006) Hyperglycemia, insulin, and acute ischemic stroke: a mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion therapy. Stroke 37(1):267\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000195175.29487.30","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3854_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155304","volume":"124","author":"M Mao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mao M, Xia Q, Zhan G et al (2024) Vialinin A alleviates oxidative stress and neuronal injuries after ischaemic stroke by accelerating Keap1 degradation through inhibiting USP4-mediated deubiquitination. Phytomedicine 124:155304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155304","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"3854_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.020700","volume":"49","author":"C Dargazanli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dargazanli C, Fahed R, Blanc R et al (2018) Modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2\u00a0C\/Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 3 reperfusion should be the aim of mechanical thrombectomy: insights from the ASTER trial (Contact aspiration versus stent retriever for successful Revascularization). Stroke 49(5):1189\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.020700","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"11","key":"3854_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033246","volume":"52","author":"FC Ng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ng FC, Yassi N, Sharma G et al (2021) Cerebral edema in patients with large hemispheric infarct undergoing reperfusion treatment: a HERMES meta-analysis. Stroke 52(11):3450\u20133458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.033246","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Neuroradiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00234-025-03854-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00234-025-03854-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00234-025-03854-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:52:28Z","timestamp":1776750748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00234-025-03854-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["3854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-025-03854-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3940","1432-1920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3940","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study is a retrospective study exempt from informed consent and has been reviewed by the Ethics Committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}