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Participants were categorized into the control, GMH (Papile grades 1\u20132), and punctate white matter lesion (PWML) groups; infants with severe conditions were excluded. A U-Net-based algorithm was used to automatically segment supratentorial and white matter volumes. NDI was defined as a motor score\u2009\u2264\u200985 or cognitive and language scores both \u2264\u200985 on the Bayley-III. Standardized residuals were calculated to assess volume deviation from the sex-specific reference (control group) and compared according to low-grade GM-IVH and NDI status. A two-way analysis of variance with Tukey\u2019s post hoc test was used for statistical comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 171 infants (89 girls; gestational age, 28.32\u2009\u00b1\u20092.76 weeks; postmenstrual age, 37.81\u2009\u00b1\u20092.36 weeks) were included, with 119 in the control group, 41 in the GMH group, and 11 in the PWML group. The supratentorial volume-PMA slope was lower in the GMH and PWML groups than in the control group (19.37\u00a0cm\u00b3\/week for control; 12.37\u00a0cm\u00b3\/week for GMH,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02; 11.49\u00a0cm\u00b3\/week for PWML,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04). In the GMH group, significant volume differences were observed between the NDI and non-NDI subgroups (standardized residuals: -1.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.58 vs. 0.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69 for supratentorial volume; -0.95\u2009\u00b1\u20090.68 vs. 0.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.92 for white matter volume; both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas no significant differences were found in the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low-grade GM-IVH with reduced supratentorial or white matter volume is associated with an increased risk of NDI in preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-026-03929-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T09:49:41Z","timestamp":1772531381000},"page":"1275-1285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment associated with reduced brain volume at term-equivalent age in preterm infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8478-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanyoung","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1842-9062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Hun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Han","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seh Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9820-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon Jin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1858-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1479-2064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Eun","family":"Cheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2777-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Yeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3929_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199711000-00015","volume":"41","author":"ML Levy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Levy ML, Masri LS, McComb JG (1997) Outcome for preterm infants with germinal matrix hemorrhage and progressive hydrocephalus. 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