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Although uncommon, they constitute a potentially life-threatening cause of oropharyngeal hemorrhage. Their heterogeneous etiologies and variable presentations contribute to the absence of standardized management guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide a comprehensive analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of published PLAs, alongside the description of two additional clinical cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and using the PubMed and Scopus databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Were included 45 published cases comprising 55 patients with PLAs, plus two novel unreported cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data regarding patient demographics, etiology, clinical presentation, imaging, aneurysm location, treatment strategy, and outcomes were extracted and analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean patient age was 37.6 years, showing a bimodal distribution: younger patients commonly presented with post-tonsillectomy or traumatic pseudoaneurysms, while older individuals were more often affected after malignancy or oncologic surgery. Haemorrhage was the primary presentation (75.4%) and 38.6% of all cases followed tonsillectomy. Four cases were asymptomatic. Most lesions arose from the main trunk of the lingual artery (42.1%) or unspecified segments of the vessel (36.8%). Endovascular treatment (EVT) was successful in 77.2% of cases, in which parent vessel occlusion (PVO) proved to be the most reliable and effective technique (88.6%). Ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection was effective in two patients. EVT failed in two cases due to catheterization difficulties and arterial dissection. Mortality was low (3.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most data derive from heterogeneous case reports and series with limited sample sizes and variable reporting standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PLAs are rare but potentially life-threatening causes of oropharyngeal bleeding. Prompt diagnosis and EVT, particularly PVO, are essential for successful management. Extensive collateral circulation supports safe vessel exclusion. Multidisciplinary coordination optimizes patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-026-03932-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:34:47Z","timestamp":1772782487000},"page":"1077-1092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pseudoaneurysms of the lingual artery: two case reports and a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Liliana","family":"Igreja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro Rocha","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/s0741-5214(96)80037-1","volume":"23","author":"GL Faggioli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Faggioli GL, Freyrie A, Stella A et al (1996) Extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms: results of a surgical series with long-term follow-up. 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